Marketing Plan: Maybelline’s New Perfume

Promoting Plan: Maybelline’s new scent The University of Sheffield Marketing Management (MTG 2410) Blagoy Savov (BS11124) 21 August 2012 Abstract L'Oreal’s Maybelline, a worldwide, mass market restorative producer, has chosen to create and showcase another aroma for ladies. This report incorporates examination, investigation and assessment of the market condition for female aromas. Besides, it diagrams a promoting methodology for the new item which depicts the showcasing blend to be utilized by Maybelline so as to offer its new item expansion to the objective market.Introduction The scent advertise is a serious one with enormous organizations having a worldwide nearness and settled pictures and brands. This market is additionally truly beneficial and ever developing with indications of extraordinary potential. Maybelline is one of L'Oreal’s marks and is notable worldwide for its worth based beautifying agents products.Now Maybelline is entering the aroma showcase with another female scent and this report depicts how it will take on this test. The initial segment of the report presents L'Oreal, which is Maybelline’s mother organization, its vision and friends profile including its monetary achievement. Maybelline falls under L'Oreal’s Consumer Products Division, which offers mass-showcase items. The report proceeds by introducing a natural investigation of the market just as a serious examination. There are three principle players in the business, which speak to 24. 5% of the worldwide market despite Coty Inc. Maybelline’s mother organization L'Oreal, and Procter and Gamble. The initial segment of the report closes with a SWOT examination of the Maybelline, which shows that the qualities and openings exceed the shortcomings and dangers. In view of the market investigation, the second piece of the report proposes an objective market for the new female scent item and a particular showcasing blend so as to effectively arriv e at its clients. The organization L'Oreal L’Oreal is perhaps the biggest restorative organizations on the planet, creating and showcasing a scope of make-up, scent, hair and healthy skin items in more than 130 countries.The organization is headquartered in Clichy, France and utilizes around 68,900 individuals worldwide in a sum of 41 manufacturing plants. With 613 enrolled licenses in 2011 the organization earned 20. 3 billion EURO of deals in that year and as of now has a brand arrangement of 27 global brands (L'Oreal 2011). For in excess of a 100 years L'Oreal has dedicated its endeavors in the matter of excellence. Its strategic to empower all people to communicate their characters, increase fearlessness and open up to others by offering the best beautifying agents development regarding quality, adequacy and safety.The organization pushes the limits of advancement by vigorously putting resources into research so as to investigate new domains and design new items (L'Oreal 2012). Wrapping up one more year of money related development, in 2011 Company Responsibility (2005 †2011) †Reduced ozone depleting substance discharges by 29. 8% †Reduced waste created by 24. 2% †Reduced water utilization by 22. 6% †95. 7% of waste is reused, reused or utilized for vitality creation †Reduced complete vitality utilization by 6. % for 2010/2011 Company Profile †An era of skill in makeup †₠¬20,3 billion deals in 2011 †27 worldwide brands †130 nations †68 900 representatives †613 licenses documented in 2011. L'Oreal became quicker than the overall beautifying agents showcase and affirmed its situation as the world chief in magnificence. The organization likewise intensely puts resources into being socially, morally and naturally capable to guarantee a feasible development in the long haul. Contrasted with 2005 the association fundamentally diminished its gas emanations, created waste and water utilization and put resources into research so as to encourage manageable innovation.Maybelline As portrayed in the diary by Aaker and Joachimsthaler (2000) brand design is a structure that sorts out the company’s brand portfolio and determines the brand jobs and the connection between them. Sound brand design gives apparatuses to: ? ? ? license brands to extend across items and markets, resolve clashing brand system needs, safeguard brand-building assets by utilizing existing brand value, shield brands from being weakened by over-extending, and sign another and distinctive offeringAs sketched out in the diary by Harish (2008), L'Oreal’s brand design is sorted out around 27 universal brands, which are bunched in discrete business divisions, every one of which centers around a particular objective market. As represented in Table 1, L'Oreal’s business is organized under three divisions (Consumer Products Division, Luxury Products Division and Professional Products Division), one office (Active Cosmetics Department) and a moral makeup brand (The Body Shop). L'Oreal’s brand engineering, demonstrating brands, situating and deals channels. Purchaser Products Luxury Products Profess.Products Active Cosmetics The Body ShopMajor universal umbrella brands: L'Oreal Paris Garnier Maybeline New York SoftSheen Carson Le Club des Createurs de Beute (LCCB) Lancome Biotherm Helena Rubinstein Kiehl’s Shu Uemure Perfumes: Giorgio Armani Ralph Lauren Cacharel Victor and Rolf Diesel Positioning: Quality items at moderate costs for the majority Up-showcase extravagance items for recognizing shoppers Specialist items for use by proficient hairdressers and salon experts Sales Channels: Mass market retail outlets on account of L'Oreal Paris, Garnier, Maybelline and SoftSheen CarsonDirect promoting for LCCB High-end global retail establishments, travel retail outlets, brands’ own boutiques and perfumeries Hair beauticians and salon experts Pharmacies and pro retailers Predominantly through body Shop’s selective retail chain Cosmeceuticals with demonstrated security and adequacy; sponsored by drug specialists and dermatologists Ethical makeup for socially and naturally cognizant buyers L'Oreal Professionnel Kerastase RedKen fifth Avenue NYC Matrix Mizani Vichy La Roche †Possay Inneov SkinCeuticals Sanoflore The Body Shop Table 1 Within the Consumer Products Division, L'Oreal Paris is the superior brand while Garnier and Maybelline New York are the neighboring optimistic brands. The organization offers these unmistakable brands so as to fulfill distinctive objective gatherings and abstain from losing clients to a contender (Harish, 2008). L'Oreal’s objective is to make Maybelline a main worldwide mass-showcase brand. This brand is sold in around 127 nations and makes up over 45% of the complete revenues.Maybelline is situated to be the pioneer of massmarket beautifying agents focused at ladies between the age of 15 and 49 at a sensible cost and it effectively advances the â€Å"urban American chic† picture over the globe. Maybelline incorporates five scopes of items †face, eyes, lips, nails and devices. Each range incorporates a few lines and there are singular items with extraordinary brands under each line. According to Harish (2008) the results of the Maybelline bunch are principally advanced through TV publicizing and brand envoys like the supermodels Christy Turlington and Adriana Lima. Since 1915, the brand has been engaging ladies wherever with the effective motto â€Å"Maybe she is brought into the world with it. Possibly it’s Maybelline. Today Maybelline New York is the main cosmetics brand around the world, which consolidates innovatively propelled beauty care products with in vogue aptitude to make available items with a lively style that enable ladies to say something by investigating new devices, testing without hazard, and parading their own aestheticness (L'O real, 2012). L'Oreal has a permitting concurrence with five diverse aroma brands, which supplement the firm’s wide range of item contributions. As depicted in Table 1 these brands fall under the Luxury Products Division, target perceiving purchasers and are sold in very good quality retail chains, travel outlets and boutiques. L'Oreal is presently building up a totally new fragrance under its own Maybelline product offering. Natural Analysis Market AnalysisThe aroma showcase encountered a consistent development in deals in the period somewhere in the range of 2006 and 2011. Moreover the general market development is relied upon to quicken in the following multi year time span. In 2010 the worldwide aroma advertise created complete incomes of $36. 3 billion bringing about a compound yearly development pace of 4. 2% for the period crossing 2006 †2010 appeared in Figure 1 (Datamonitor Global, 2011). Worldwide aromas advertise volume: million units 40000 35000 30000 25000 20 000 4. 2 3. 1 5. 6 7 6 5 3. 9 4 3 2 $ million % development 15000 10000 5000 0 2006 2007 2008 Figure 1 0 2009 2010 Consumption volume in the aroma advertise expanded with a compound yearly development of 4. % somewhere in the range of 2006 and 2010 bringing about 1. 3 billion units in 2010. Before the finish of 2015 the utilization volume is required to ascend to 1. 6 billion units. As appeared in Figure 2 female scents indicated the most noteworthy deals numbers producing $23. 1 billion of incomes in 2010, proportionate to 63. 8% of the market’s by and large worth (Datamonitor Global, 2011). Worldwide scents advertise division by type: % share 5% 64% Female aroma Male scent Unisex aroma 31% Figure 2 The scent showcase division is appropriated between the three significant continents.As appeared in Figure 3 Europe drives the utilization of aromas by 45. 1% followed by the Americas with 38. %, Asia-Pacific by 10. 5% and Africa and the Middle East by 6. 4% (Datamonitor Global, 2011). Worldwide aroma showcase division by locale: % share 6% 11% Europe Americas Asia-Pacific Affrica and Middle East 45% 38% Figure 3 Overall the present scent economic situation and particularly the sub-classification of female aromas demonstrates to be positiv

Discuss how the constant improvement of diagnostic techniques drives Essay

The Price of Gasoline Regulation

The Price of Gasoline Regulation Should the Price of Gasoline Be Regulated? Home›Economics Posts›Should the Price of Gasoline Be Regulated? Economics PostsIntroduction Gasoline prices have never been stable since time immemorial and equally debates on the price regulation have always been discussed. The proponents of price regulations view price ceilings impositions as the answer to the rising gasoline prices. The debate which was fueled by the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 which saw the gasoline prices reach an all time high (Capie and Wood, 39).  Since then the public has always been concerned on whether price controls will benefit them or will have more negative consequences. There are those who support the debate say that firms will be more competitive if lower prices are set while those opposed think it will lead to shortages and other negative consequences.Perhaps this divided argument is what has kept legislators shy of passing the regulation motion except in Hawaii where price control was pass ed in 2004 (Rockoff, 14). Further still is the implications such a policy might bring, therefore, it is not surprising that the policy makers are taking their time in passing such laws.The issue of price control is not new and I will highlight some of instances where price control was in place and the consequences of such measures. In order to understand what might control mean I did a research on the economical interpretation of price control. I have also tried to trace the reasons why the gasoline prices have continued to rise and the effects of such high prices on the American citizen.I will also highlight some of the argument for and against the proposed price regulation and the merit of each proposal.Why the gasoline prices are rising The debate on every Americans mouth is about the rising prices of gasoline. This is because with the wages remaining constant the rise affects their lives in all aspects. Kalt, (44) says gasoline prices are rising and doing so very fast. Since spr ing 2004 the prices of gasoline have been very volatile and economic experts have attributed this to a number of factors.Crude oil prices have continued to rise because of demand and supply factors across the world. Some events like terrorism in middle east and natural disaster like Hurricane Katrina have disrupted supply leading to shortage hence high prices(Kalt, 45). With rapid industrialization of nations like China consumption has gone up very high leading to demand exceeding supply hence high prices.This means when the crude oil prices are high the gasoline prices are affected up ward. According to Kalt (46) crude oil accounts for 54% cost of gasoline while processes such as refining, distributing and   marketing account for 30% with 16% being attributed to tax. US have been mostly affected since its citizens have high demand for gasoline has increased especially with economic growth experienced since 2007. The situation is made worse since US lacks adequate refining capacity especially since the pollution requirements are so strict on the quality of refined product (Capie and Wood, 36).Closer home there are those who feel that the some measures by the Obama government is what has led to rising gas prices. The administration has restricted domestic oil production, the environmental protection agency has also pushed for expanded cap-and-trade regulations and the proposed increased energy taxes are blamed for the increase in gasoline prices (Keen and Overberg, 10). There are those whose feel that we are judging the Obama government so harshly as the political unrest in Middle East are the most possible causes of the high gasoline prices.Consumer reaction to rising gasoline prices The high prices of gasoline have affected all aspects of the American citizen.   A Gallup Poll conducted by US Today newspaper wanted to find out how the American are reacting adjusting their lifestyles to deal with high gasoline prices.The poll found put that as prices of gasolin e went up to $4 a gallon, the American said they were cutting back on other household spending to cater for the rising prices (Keen and Overberg, 9). Others who were interviewed were considering buying fuel efficient cars and minimizing the car usage by consolidating their errands.  The poll found out that previously the American was less concerned with the gas prices as they were of other commodities. However, this time around most of the people are feeling the pinch.Keen and Overberg (10) say that the American have been known to consume the most energy as compared to other people in developing world. This habit might be changing as people abandon their expensive lifestyle and make economical adjustment especially with the rising cost of living caused by the recent economic crisis.  This lifestyle changes will reduce dependence on foreign oil and in fact might go along in way conserving out environment.The poll found out that one way the American are adjusting is by cutting on mi les they drove. The study borrowed data from federal highways administration which showed that the average miles that the average American drove fell by 0.4% as compared to last year(2007) (.Keen and Overberg, 9).   The data report added that this scale is only comparable to data obtained in 1980-81 when such as similar situation was witnessed.Those arguing for the price control are quoting such confessions from the average American citizen. They argue that the government should do something to stop the suffering of the American citizen. Those against say while it might be advantageous to some the economic cost of such regulations should not be ignored.However, I would like to point out that if the confessions of the hardships the American is facing because of high gasoline prices is anything to go by, it shows something need to be done. It is time the policy makers thought of ways whether price control or otherwise to make the life if the American more bearable.What is price contro l?Market prices are determined by the factors of supply and demand. In a free market the consumer preferences are responsible for determining the market prices. When all factors are held constant the consumers will demand more if the price of a commodity rises and vice versa (Capie and Wood, 46). The suppliers also decide at what price they are able and willing to supply and it’s obvious that when the consumers are willing to pay more the supply will increase. When the quantity demanded is equal to the quality supplied the market is known to be at equilibrium.  Price control when implemented disrupts this equilibrium because the price set will always be too high or too low. This means when the prices are high the consumers are not willing to buy but the suppliers are willing leading to excess supply. Likewise when the set prices are too low the consumers will demand more but the suppliers will be hesitant to offer the product leading to shortages (Taussing, 205).This economic eff ect of price control is what has divided the proponents and opponents of gasoline price control as will be discussed below.Opposition to the gasoline price control debate The soaring gasoline prices have rekindled the biggest debate in American history. The argument is whether the prices of gasoline should be regulated as those of electricity and water.   The debate of price control is not new. The governments since ancient times have always been trying to set maximum or minimum prices for various commodities.   Most recently the US government has managed to regulate the price of apartment in New York and to set minimum wages for unskilled laborers (Capie and Wood, 52). The government are not only able to fix prices but also go beyond and try to control the general level of process as was the case in the US during both world wars and Korean wars by Nixon in 1971 to 1973.   This regulation has been criticized by economists today who say that the prices control then was responsible fo r the volatile prices, supply shortages and long queues at the gas pumps ( Capie and Wood, 54).The above consequences of price controls could be reason why some economists have taken a hard-line against gasoline price regulation.  Price control appeals are very attractive to those who do not know of the far reaching consequences. Most economists are skeptical about price controls for they distort allocation of resources (Rockoff, 16).   Price control means setting price ceilings and economists warns that this can cause shortages.   This is also true for price floor which cause surpluses for sometime.  (Rockoff, 12) gives an example by supposing the price of wheat flour was fixed at a minimum lower price, the supply will decrease while the demand increases. In time the excess demand will mean only some consumers will be lucky to purchase the wheat at that lower price while other will go without.Minimum price control is also responsible for queue mechanism. (Rockoff, 24) give an exa mple of the situation which was present in Eastern Europe when price control was in place. He further adds that a similar situation was also present in US between 1973 and 1979 when the gasoline prices were set at maximum by the government.  The demand was too much and since dealers sod at first come first served basis drivers had to wait for too long in the queues.  He says the economic cost of time and cash paid for the gasoline was too high all because or price control.Rockoff (42) does not refuse that there are instances when price control was used effectively. He says the high interest of loans that was imposed by government was aimed to protect those who wanted to borrow out of desperation. Likewise setting a maximum price for bread was successful in protecting the poor who would have been devastated by high prices. Further still the price control on rents was to protect the tenants from greedy landlords who would increase prices since demand exceeded supply.    He is quick to note that despite the successful use of price controls it should never be an option for a long term solution except for emergency.Rockoff (45) quotes a survey which was published in 1992 where 76.3% of economist interviewed agreed that the ceiling which was out ion rants reduced quality and quantity of housing in New York.  He explains that most economists are skeptical about price controls for they can distort resources allocation. Since the prices set are either too low or too high on the equilibrium surpluses and shortage are inevitable. In the case of gasoline people are pushing for the government to lower prices which might lead to shortages as similar situations have been observed in the past.Rockoff (42) says that firms have been known to evade controls by adopting certain incentives. Though the avenues may be limited since it mainly depends on the nature of goods or services, they are never lacking.  One of the ways firms evade control is through quality deterioration.  Although quality deterioration in gasoline may be hard since the government has laws on pollution control it is not entirely impossible.  Similar cases of quality deterioration have been in cited in Quebec where the dealers offer sub standard gasoline in the market. To cut cost they do not complete the refining process. He adds that the bureaucracy of watching for quality deterioration in the gasoline industry may price to be so expensive for the government.When the quality deterioration evasion strategy does not work the firms may apply the tie-in sale as was the case during World War I when those who wanted to buy wheat flour were required to but unwanted potato flour (Capie and Wood, 57). Still the manufactures can employ forced up trading and was the case in US during work war II when the government   attempt to make cloths manufactures to produce the low price clothes were unfruitful.Some price control measures may leave consumers desperate to obtain the products mainly due to shortages of long queues. This desperation might lead to evolution of black markets where because of the risks involved the sellers charge high prices and the consumers are willing to pay the high prices (Capie and Wood, 62).The demerits of price control such as shortages, queues and black markets may result the government to take rationing measures. For example in the case of gasoline the consumers may be provided with coupons where they are required to purchase a fixed quantity of gasoline to ensure every one got a share. Rationing might solve the problems identified above as Rockoff (58) explains; however, it comes at a cost to the government. The government must keep track of the fluctuating supplies and demands and needs of individual consumers so as to adjust the rations provisions.  For example consumers may need to cover long distances to attend conferences related to their work hence their rations must be adjusted upwardly.Rockoff (58) argues that a good mechanism when in place can solve the logistic issues but he foresees other problems. Rationing can promote corruption and favoritism if the proper laws to manage rationings are not in place. The above problems might not have a great impact in today’s patriotic economy but they should not be ignored.After highlighting all the above issues and problems of price controls Rockoff explicit why despite the negative consequences some governments have continued to impose and maintain the controls. He says most of the time is to fulfill political promises. The public are not able to see the link between the price control and the resultant problems and thus are always pushing the elected politics legislatives to impose them. The politicians in an effort to please their supporters move the price control motions despite the looming problems.This is the problem facing the Obama government because the public is alarmed of the inflation which seems to be out of control. The policy makers in the current gover nment are torn between whether they make a positive psychological satisfaction to the supporters by passing the price control bill which will be beneficial in the short run, or they should risk losing the political support by refusing to pass the bill.Support for gasoline price control On the other hand there are those who support gasoline prices to be controlled. Those advocating for regulation want the government to enforce price controls and windfall profit taxes (Taylor and Doren, 2). They say that the supporters argue that currently the gasoline markets are not competitive as some producers have been accused of price collusion (Taylor and Doren, 3).  The producers have been known to earn unanticipated huge profits through price collusion and supply control. They earn these big profits at the expense of consumers hence price control and windfall profits taxes would combat this problem. These two measures are capable of ensuring wealth redistribution from producers to consumers without any significant effect in supply (Taylor and Doren, 4).The supporters have been heard arguing that the profits of the oil dealers are unearned most of times since no additional cost or effort is incurred to generate them. What the oil dealers do is watch news and incase of any mention of price changes of crude oil upwards they skyrocket the prices thus end up earning abnormal profits (Taylor and Doren, 6).  They add that by taxing the profits the dealers will shy away from increasing prices.   This argument has been criticized for it is viewed as discouragement to oil business investment. Taylor and Doren, (12) cites that the critics of these arguments say that the gasoline markets should not be accused as being uncompetitive.Conclusion   We cannot deny the bottom line point of the above argument. The American are suffering because if the rising gasoline oil prices. The unstable crude oil prices in the world plus some other factors have contributed the high prices of gas. T he average American in an effort to cope with the rising prices has been forced to modify their lifestyle in terms of household spending and vehicles use. Those who have voiced their opinion on the solution to the current problems calls for price control and windfall profits taxes. They argue that the un-competitiveness in the oil industry does nothing but enrich the producers through price collusion at the expense of the consumers.This solution has been termed as short term and inappropriate by those who are against it. They argue that in history price control has been known to cause economic problems when it was implemented. Economic history on price control shows that price control cause shortages, building of queues and evolution of black markets. While the windfall profit taxes have been known to cause exit and discourage entry of potential investors. Despite the arguments the government should take note that the average citizen is suffering and thus should take the most econom ic efficient measures to stop the suffering.

Effective Communication And Communication Between The...

Effective communication is fundamental to delivering great patient care in healthcare settings. It is critically important to create an environment in which clients are able to express their needs and concerns, especially to alert health providers to unsafe situations. However, communication failures occur sometimes due to a series of inappropriate verbal and non-verbal communication, which finally lead to confusion or conflict. There are a number of effective techniques that can be used to resolve conflicts. This essay will discuss the evidence of lifespan development stages and its relevance to communication between the doctor and the patient based on the fourth clip. It will also provide illustrations of two factors that have†¦show more content†¦Obviously, his behaviours are totally at the opposite characteristics of intimate relationships. For example, deviating from the closeness, honesty, and love. Language development and communication skills have been changing throughout a person’s lifespan. According to Erikson’s psychosocial stage of personality development, doctor and his patient Sean, both of them are in the development stage of young adulthood, whose age range is between 21 and 39 (Marcia Josselson, 2013). Because of more mature communication abilities and interpersonal skills in adulthood, people usually come to know one another in greater depth. However, those two people in the clip hold the diametrically opposite attitude towards communication, the doctor basically in a intimacy state while the patient in isolation. As the doctor in the intimacy stage, he has the sense of creating a comfortable environment for the patient. Moreover, the doctor also has the ability to use therapeutic communication skills and tries to acquire the basic trust with his patient. Obviously, the doctor is successful in a committed relationship. He is able to open up and commun icate well with others. In contrast, the patient isolates himself from the public and he does not respect or follow his doctor s advice. Also, he failures to establish effective communication skills when communicating with his doctor, such as the use of harsh tone of voice. Those communicationShow MoreRelated Autism Spectrum Disorders Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagesbackground information on autism spectrum disorder. The second part deals with review of literature survey. The third part summarizes our proposed research work on the connected topic. The fourth part concludes our work as whole. Keywords— autism, discrete trail training, applied behaviour analysis, voice output communication aids I. INTRODUCTION The present paper addresses various innovative assistive technology used in diagnosis and treatment of pervasive developmental disorders such as autism. 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Intangible Asset Accounting and Accounting Policy...

INTANGIBLE ASSET ACCOUNTING AND ACCOUNTING POLICY SELECTION IN THE FOOTBALL INDUSTRY by NICHOLAS ROWBOTTOM A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Commerce and Social Science of The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Accounting and Finance School of Business Faculty of Commerce and Social Science The University of Birmingham July 1998 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made†¦show more content†¦icies in the Football Industry 5.1 Accounting for Player Registrations and Transfer Fees 5.2 Accounting for Signing-on Fees 5.3 Capital Grants 5.4 Depreciation of Stadia 106 6 Theoretical Framework for Studying the Selection of Accounting Policy Choice 6.1 Theories of Accounting Policy Choice 6.2 Explanatory Variables 6.3 Statement of Hypothesis 138 7 Methods of Data Collection and Analysis 7.1 Sampling 7.2 Bank Questionnaire 7.3 Football Club Questionnaire 7.4 Variable Construction 7.5 Model Specification 7.6 Parameter Estimation 7.7 Sensitivity Analysis 168 8 Test Results and Interpretation 8.1 Underwriter Pressure Hypothesis 8.2 Debt Contracting Cost Hypothesis 8.3 Youth Development Hypothesis 8.4 Ownership Structure Hypothesis 8.5 Normative Influence Hypothesis 8.6 Political Cost Hypothesis 222 9 The Feasibility of Intangible Asset Accounting in the Football Industry 253 9.1 Transfer Fee Accounting 9.2 The Measurement of Player Registrations 9.3 Valuation Model for Player Registrations 9.4 Conclusions Conclusions Appendix 1 A1.1 Bank Questionnaire Cover Letter A1.2 Bank Questionnaire 292 300 Appendix 2 A2.1 Club Questionnaire Cover Letter A2.2 Football Club Questionnaire 305 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 A7.1 Multicollinearity A7.2 Model Assumptions 312 321 322 323 328 Bibliography 332 INTRODUCTION One of the main aims of this thesis is to evaluate the feasibility ofShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Accounting8122 Words   |  33 PagesJournal of International Business and Cultural Studies Human resource accounting and international developments: implications for measurement of human capital Maria L. 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What Contributes to Our Perceptions of the World Free Essays

â€Å"How can cultural experiences shape, impact or influence out perception of the world Being exposed to other cultures and experiences opens our mind to understanding other ways of living. If you are exposed to something different from yours, your perception would change by the way your thought process Is about certain groups of people. Many things affect our point of view of the world positively and negatively, thought I think most of the time It does It negatively. We will write a custom essay sample on What Contributes to Our Perceptions of the World? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In today’s world we see a lot of cultures In one place (states, city, schools, Jobs, etc. But within these places there’s discrimination, racism, had other bad things that make us have a differently pollen than others. Brainstorm at least five artifacts that serve as symbols for you, your life. And your culture. What do the objects reveal about you and your culture? A calculator represents my love for math. Math is a part of my family’s culture and has become a part of mine. Math is perfect. It challenges the mind. It has the power to solve real life problems. It explains real observations, and appeals to intuitions most of the time. It produces exact answers. Its abstract, yet purely objective and absolute. Its man-made, yet all the universe is modeled by math. Its incorruptible. It can create art. It can inspire creative thinking, and in that even solving problems is an art of its own. It is the way I think. When asked why I like Mathematics, I realized that it is all down to my personality. Being a composed, explicit person, I enjoy the challenge of questions with difficult to achieve answers. The ‘’ symbol represents the type of music I listen to. ‘’ is the official symbol of the band Of Mice Men. I sites to metal, rock, screams, or alternative music and the symbol represents some of each. A book represents my passion for reading. Its about living a thousand lives through the eyes of your protagonist, becoming so involved in their lives, learning the lessons they learn, â€Å"meeting† the most interesting (nearly real) characters that continue to stay with me long after the book is read and back on the shelf. I love picking up a put and immediately being thrown Into a different reality. I view a book as another universe, where I can escape reality, a way to relax myself. A green V In a ricer represents me being vegetarian. I have been vegetarian since I was born and It lust became a part of me. I do not have to stay a vegetarian, but my parents are. So I choose to stay vegetarian. The last symbol that represents me Is a pair of glasses, Since 1st grade I have always been seen as the ‘nerd’. I always has straight AS and the teachers loved me. I am a year ahead of my grade level In math, currently taking pre calculus. This made me more of the ‘nerd’ I already was. I also happen to need glasses. What Contributes to Our Perceptions of the World? By Snazzy world? Reception would change by the way your thought process is about certain groups of thought I think most of the time it does it negatively. In today’s world we see a lot of cultures in one place (states, city, schools, Jobs, etc. ), but within these places there’s discrimination, racism, had other bad things that make us have a differently opinion Brainstorm at least five artifacts that serve as symbols for you, your life, and your A calculator represents my love for math. Math is a part of my family’s culture and picking up a put and immediately being thrown into a different reality. How to cite What Contributes to Our Perceptions of the World?, Papers

Wishing on Comets free essay sample

I like a slobbery lick. Appalling? Perhaps, but I encourage you to go to your local park and find one of these – the lickers. They come in a four-legged furry form, speak their own language, and will love you extravagantly. After my freshmen year, I moved to California from Utah. I lost my home, my ocean, my friends and the vision I had for my future. It was an identity crisis. I needed to climb out of the hole I was in, but couldn’t find the ladder. I needed help finding the ladder and someone who could sniff out the real me. His name was Comet. I was young, and I fell in love, puppy love. He was a purebred mutt with black and white spots and one ear that stood straight up while the other flopped to the side. After being picked up by animal control, the shelter took him in and put him in our adoption program. We will write a custom essay sample on Wishing on Comets or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was my volunteer shift on a Saturday morning. Opening up the door to Comet’s room, he bounded out. I clipped on the leash and shuffled into the snowy winds outside. We walked, but Comet didn’t make much of an impression. Thoroughly frostbitten after awhile, I took him back inside. Reaching down to unclip the leash, Comet leapt up, placed his paws on my shoulders and licked me from chin to my forehead. Big, slobbery and full of love; that silly dog knew exactly what I needed, and from then on seemed to always know. Working on Pre-Calc I dreamed about going to Petco and picking up the stuffed rabbits that Comet loved. I’d walk into Furburbia with a grin plastered on my face knowing I had a dog hug and a lick waiting for me in the fourth kennel from the end. Comet wasn’t a friendly dog at first, and like me, preferred to blend into the background. Sitting in his kennel quietly for over 6 months, he showed little personality, and was overlooked by countless families. Both of us followers, Comet and I found our missing link in each other. But, I started noticing small changes in myself. It began by saying hi to kids at school and raising my hand in class. and here I am now, my senior year, editor of the Literary Magazine, Peer minister and Peer tutor; not a follower anymore. Comet led me to find the person who’d been hiding all along. Small changes in Comet occurred too and soon after this transformation, Comet was adopted. I’ve never been so joyfully unhappy. His adoption made me fear I’d lose who I had become. But I realized that the traits I wanted I had always possessed; Comet just dug through the dirt of my insecurities and found the real me underneath. I’m so proud of the great dog he became and I know if he could see pictures of me he’d be proud of the confident girl smiling back. Some people make a wish on a shooting star. I wished on a Comet.

Definition and Examples of Irony (Figure of Speech)

Definition and Examples of Irony (Figure of Speech) Irony is the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. Similarly, irony may be a statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea. Adjective: ironic or ironical. Also known as  eironeia, illusio, and the dry mock. Three kinds of irony are commonly recognized: Verbal irony is a trope in which the intended meaning of a statement differs from the meaning that the words appear to express.Situational irony involves an incongruity between what is expected or intended and what actually occurs.Dramatic irony is an effect produced by a narrative in which the audience knows more about the present or future circumstances than a character in the story. In light of these different varieties of irony, Jonathan Tittler has concluded that irony has meant and means so many different things to different people that rarely is there a meeting of minds as to its particular sense on a given occasion (quoted by Frank Stringfellow in The Meaning of Irony, 1994). Etymology From the Greek, feigned ignorance Examples and Observations EarthA planet doesnt explode of itself, said drilyThe Martian astronomer, gazing off into the air- That they were able to do it is proof that highlyIntelligent beings must have been living there.(John Hall Wheelock, Earth)Kampenfeldt: This is a grave matter, a very grave matter. It has just been reported to me that youve been expressing sentiments hostile to the Fatherland.Schwab: What, me sir?Kampenfeldt: I warn you, Schwab, such treasonable conduct will lead you to a concentration camp.Schwab: But sir, what did I say?Kampenfeldt: You were distinctly heard to remark, This is a fine country to live in.Schwab: Oh, no, sir. Theres some mistake. No, what I said was, This is a fine country to live in.Kampenfeldt: Huh? You sure?Schwab: Yes sir.Kampenfeldt: I see. Well, in future dont make remarks that can be taken two ways.(Raymond Huntley and Eliot Makeham in Night Train to Munich, 1940)Gentlemen, you cant fight in here! This is the War Room.(Peter Sellers as President Merkin Muffley in Dr. Strangelove, 1964) It is a fitting irony that under Richard Nixon, launder became a dirty word.(William Zinsser)Irony in Mark Twains Novel Puddnhead WilsonDavid Wilson, the title character of Puddnhead Wilson, is a master of irony. In fact, his use of irony permanently marks him. When he first arrives in Dawsons Landing in 1830, he makes an ironic remark that the villagers cannot understand. Distracted by the annoying yelping of an unseen dog, he says, I wished I owned half of that dog. When asked why, he replies, Because I would kill my half. He does not really want to own half the dog, and he probably does not really want to kill it; he merely wants to silence it and knows killing half the dog would kill the whole animal and achieve the desired effect. His remark is a simple example of irony, and the failure of the villagers to understand it causes them immediately to brand Wilson a fool and nickname him puddnhead. The very title of the novel is, therefore, based on irony, and that irony is compounde d by the fact that Wilson is anything but a fool.(R. Kent Rasmussen, Blooms How to Write About Mark Twain. Infobase, 2008) Irony in Shakespeares Play Julius CaesarA classic example of irony is Mark Antonys speech in Shakespeares Julius Caesar. Although Antony declares, I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him, and declares that the assassins are honorable men, he means just the opposite.(Bryan Garner, Garners Modern American Usage. Oxford University Press, 2009)Uses and Characteristics of IronyIrony may be used as a rhetorical device to enforce ones meaning. It may be used . . . as a satiric device to attack a point of view or to expose folly, hypocrisy, or vanity. It may be used as a heuristic device to lead ones readers to see that things are not so simple or certain as they seem, or perhaps not so complex or doubtful as they seem. It is probable that most irony is rhetorical, satirical, or heuristic. . . .In the first place irony is a double-layered or two-story phenomenon. . . . In the second place, there is always some kind of opposition that may take the form of contradiction, incongruity, or incom patibility. . . . In the third place, there is in irony an element of innocence.(D.C. Muecke, The Compass of Irony. Methuen, 1969) An Age of IronyIt is sometimes said that we live in an age of irony. Irony in this sense may be found, for example, all throughout The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Suppose you hear a political candidate give a terribly long speech, one that rambles on and on without end. Afterward, you might turn to a friend sitting next to you, roll your eyes, and say, Well, that was short and to the point, wasnt it? You are being ironic. You are counting on your friend to turn the literal meaning of your expression, to read it as exactly the opposite of what your words actually mean. . . .When irony works, it helps to cement social bonds and mutual understanding because the speaker and hearer of irony both know to turn the utterance, and they know that the other one knows they will turn the utterance. . . .Irony is a kind of winking at each other, as we all understand the game of meaning reversal that is being played.(Barry Brummett, Techniques of Close Reading. Sage, 2010)Irony as Mass TherapyIron y has always been a primary tool the under-powered use to tear at the over-powered in our culture. But now irony has become the bait that media corporations use to appeal to educated consumers. . . . Its almost an ultimate irony that those who say they dont like TV will sit and watch TV as long as the hosts of their favorite shows act like they dont like TV, either. Somewhere in this swirl of droll poses and pseudo-insights, irony itself becomes a kind of mass therapy for a politically confused culture. It offers a comfortable space where complicity doesnt feel like complicity. It makes you feel like you are counter-cultural while never requiring you to leave the mainstream culture it has so much fun teasing. We are happy enough with this therapy that we feel no need to enact social change.(Dan French, review of The Daily Show, 2001) Alanis Morissettes IronicAlanis Morissettes Ironic, in which situations purporting to be ironic are merely sad, random, or annoying (a traffic jam when youre late, a no-smoking sign on your cigarette break) perpetuates widespread misuse of the word and outrages irony prescriptivists. It is, of course, ironic that Ironic is an unironic song about irony. Bonus irony: Ironic is widely cited as an example of how Americans dont get irony, despite the fact that Alanis Morissette is Canadian.(Jon Winokur, The Big Book of Irony. St. Martins, 2007)Direct expression, with no tricks, gimmickry, or irony, has come to be interpreted ironically because the default interpretive apparatus says, He cant really mean THAT! When a culture becomes ironic about itself en masse, simple statements of brutal fact, simple judgments of hate or dislike become humorous because they unveil the absurdity, friendliness, and caution of normal public expression. Its funny because its true. Honestly. Were all upside d own now.(R. Jay Magill, Jr., Chic Ironic Bitterness. University of Michigan Press, 2007) Alan Bennett on IronyWere conceived in irony. We float in it from the womb. Its the amniotic fluid. Its the silver sea. Its the waters at their priest-like task, washing away guilt and purpose and responsibility. Joking but not joking. Caring but not caring. Serious but not serious.(Hilary in The Old Country by Alan Bennett, 1977)Thomas Carlyle on IronyAn ironic man, with his sly stillness, and ambuscading ways, more especially an ironic young man, from whom it is least expected, may be viewed as a pest to society.(Thomas Carlyle, Sartor Resartus: The Life and Opinions of Herr Teufelsdrockh, 1833-34)Irony DeficiencyIrony deficiency  is an  informal term for the inability to recognize, comprehend, and/or utilize  ironythat is,  a tendency to interpret  figurative language  in a  literal  way.-  Mobsters are reputedly huge fans of  The Godfather. They don’t see it as a tale of individual moral corruption. They see it as a nostalgia trip to better days for the mob.(Jonah Goldberg, The Irony of Irony.  National Review, April 28, 1999)-  Irony deficiency  is directly proportional to the strength of the political commitment or religious fervor. True believers of all persuasions are irony deficient. . . .Brutal dictators are irony deficienttake Hitler, Stalin, Kim Jong-il, and Saddam Hussein, a world-class vulgarian whose art collection consisted of kitsch paintings displayed unironically.(Jon Winokur,  The Big Book of Irony. Macmillan, 2007)-  Here is something ironic: We live at a time when our diets are richer in irony than ever before in human history, yet millions of us suffer from that silent crippler,  irony deficiency  . . . not so much a deficiency in irony itself, but an inability to utilize the abundance of irony all around us.(Swami Beyondananda,  Duck Soup for the Soul. Hysteria, 1999)-  Will people who detect a lack of irony in other cultures never stop to consider that this may be a sign of their own  irony deficiency? Maybe its defensible when the apes detect a lack of irony in Charlton Heston in  Planet of the Apes, but not when, say, Brits detect it in, say, Americans as a race . . .. The point of irony, after all, is to say things behind peoples backs to their faces. If you look around the poker table and cant tell who the pigeon is, its you.(Roy Blount, Jr., How to Talk Southern.  The New York Times, Nov. 21, 2004) The Lighter Side of IronyRachel Berry: Mr. Schuester, do you have any idea how ridiculous it is to give the lead solo in Sit Down, Youre Rocking the Boat to a boy in a wheelchair?Artie Abrams: I think Mr. Schue is using irony to enhance the performance.Rachel Berry: Theres nothing ironic about show choir!(Pilot episode of Glee, 2009)​Woman: I started riding these trains in the forties. Those days a man would give up his seat for a woman. Now were liberated and we have to stand.Elaine: Its ironic.Woman: Whats ironic?Elaine: This, that weve come all this way, we have made all this progress, but you know weve lost the little things, the niceties.Woman: No, I mean what does ironic mean?Elaine: Oh.​(The Subway, Seinfeld, Jan. 8 1992)Im aware of the irony of appearing on TV in order to decry it.(Sideshow Bob, The Simpsons)Math was my worst subject because I could never persuade the teacher that my answers were meant ironically.(Calvin Trillin)Lyn Cassady: Its okay, you can at tack me.Bob Wilton: Whats with the quotation fingers? Its like saying Im only capable of ironic attacking or something.​(The Men Who Stare at Goats, 2009) Pronunciation: I-ruh-nee

History of Sliced Bread, the Greatest Invention

History of Sliced Bread, the Greatest Invention A clichà © that just about every American knows The greatest thing since sliced bread. But how did this epoch-making invention become so celebrated? The story begins in 1928,  when  Otto Frederick Rohwedder created the greatest invention- pre-sliced bread. But, believe it or not, Rohwedders innovation was initially met with skepticism. The Problem   Before the invention of pre-sliced bread, bread of all kinds was either baked at home or bought in full loaves (not sliced) at the bakery. For both home-baked and bakery loaves of bread, the consumer had to personally cut off a slice of bread every time he wanted one, which meant rugged, irregular cuts. This was time-consuming, especially if you were making several sandwiches and needed many slices. It was also very difficult to make uniform, thin slices. A Solution This all changed when Rohwedder, of Davenport, Iowa, invented the Rohwedder Bread Slicer. Rohwedder began working on a bread slicer in 1912 but his initial prototypes were met with scoffs from bakers who were certain  that pre-sliced bread would quickly go stale. But Rohwedder was certain that his  invention would be a major convenience for consumers and did not let the bakers skepticism slow him down. In an attempt to address the staleness problem, Rohwedder used hatpins to keep the pieces of bread together in the hopes of keeping the loaf fresh. However, the hatpins continually fell out, detracting from the products overall convenience. Rohwedders Solution In 1928, Rohwedder came up with a way to keep pre-sliced bread fresh. He added a feature to the Rohwedder Bread Slicer that wrapped the loaf in a wax paper after slicing. Even with the sliced bread wrapped, bakers remained dubious. In 1928, Rohwedder traveled to Chillicothe, Missouri, where baker Frank Bench took a chance on this idea. The very first loaf of pre-sliced bread went on store shelves on July 7, 1928, as Sliced Kleen Maid Bread. It was an instant success. Benchs sales quickly skyrocketed. Wonder Bread Makes It Go National In 1930, Wonder Bread began to commercially produce pre-sliced loaves of bread, popularizing sliced bread and making it a household staple familiar to generations. Soon other brands warmed to the idea, and for decades there has been row upon row of sliced white, rye, wheat, multigrain, rye and raisin bread on grocery store shelves. Very few people living in the 21st century remember a time when there was no sliced bread, the universally-agreed-upon greatest thing.

Competition, Monopoly, and Oligopoly & Monopolistic Competitive Market Term Paper

Competition, Monopoly, and Oligopoly & Monopolistic Competitive Market Structure - Term Paper Example The research explained briefly on the perfect competitive market structure and revealed some features of this market structure. It described the way firms maximize profits with the help of diagrams, the researcher revealed the way they maximize profit at the equilibrium point in both short and long run. Lastly, the conclusion summed up the discussion, and the researcher provided some significant areas for further research study. The market is structured depending on varied factors and variation that determine the market structure of a particular firm in an economy. Competition is one of the factors or conditions that determines the structure of a firm. The economists assume that there are many buyers and sellers in the marketplace; hence, they compete favorably for the available products in the market. Therefore, competition in the market contributes to changes of prices for commodities; thus creating a shift in demand and supply curve. Furthermore, there are substitute products in t he marketplace; thus, when one product increases the prices, consumers chose the alternative of consuming substitute products. The buyers and sellers have the ability to influence prices for commodities, and this contributes to increased competition in the market. ... The buyers and sellers may exchange property rights and everyone in the market interacts voluntarily in order to achieve self-interest. The buyers and sellers interact; thus, they signal much information about the product through product prices. Successful sellers reduce prices in order to influence buyers and out-compete their competitor (Mankiw 2011, 36). The sellers can maximize profits in case the price exceeds the products costs. Monopoly A monopoly refers to a market structure whereby only a single producer or buyer for a commodity exists. The monopoly firms are the price makers because they are single sellers in the market. Monopoly is a single business firm and it is characterized by varied features including market restrictions because of high costs and production of homogenous products. The government has powers to control or restrict entries into the market by creating barriers. The barrier to market entry may result because the firm may have exclusive rights of accessing the natural resources. For instance, the Kenya Power and Lighting Company is a monopolistic firm because the government takes control over the resources. The same case applies to Saudi Arabia oil industry because the Saudi government is the sole control of the natural oil reserves. The market also have a patent right that impede other competitors from entering into the market. The monopoly firm is classified into numerous features including perfect monopoly whereby the single seller does not have substitute products. Therefore, there is no perfect competition, but such firms are extremely rare. Another one is imperfect monopoly whereby the single seller does not have close substitute products meaning that the

MARKET RESEARCH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MARKET RESEARCH - Essay Example â€Å"Different kinds of market research need to be conducted during different periods in the life cycle of a company and those of a product† (Hewitt, 2011). For a market oriented company like Kellogg’s, market research adds business value and improves the company’s competitive advantage. Before launching a new product, Kellogg’s usually conducts a market research to understand the preference of consumers concerning new products and this helps them to reduce the chances of failure. The major difference between qualitative and quantitative research are that the qualitative one is subjective and the quantitative one is mainly objective. Inductive method is used in qualitative while the deductive method is used in quantitative research. The qualitative research is text-based whereas the quantitative one is number-based. The method used under qualitative research involves focus groups and in-depth interviews while surveys and structured interviews are the meth ods adopted in quantitative research. Qualitative research focuses on smaller groups, on the other hand, the quantitative one deals with larger groups. The former one spends more time for selecting subjects, while the latter takes more time on data processing. The data collected using qualitative research is unstructured whereas quantitative research collects structured data. â€Å"Kellogg’s has flourished through skilful marketing of good products, and by creating and sustaining a highly valuable brand name† (Kellogg’s: Revitalizing a valued character, n.d). Kellogg’s company faces the problem of innovation when compared to other competitors. Further qualitative and quantitative research is necessary to know the consumer preference and to increase the demand for commodities. Competition from other companies can only be reduced by introducing new innovative products, which is possible through market research. The problem of substitute goods is faced by th e company, which can be tackled only through perfect knowledge about the market and this further increases the need for market research. To expand market internationally, the knowledge of foreign market is a must and so further qualitative and quantitative research is required. Section 2- Findings from marketing research: Critically analyze the 4 stages that Kellogg’s underwent in order to launch the new Crunchy Nut bites. Provide a critical analysis for each stage. Also provide 2 suggestions to improve Kellogg’s marketing research in this instance. Kellogg’s is concentrating on importance of market research during the launch and development of Crunchy Nut bites. Kellogg’s undertook four different stages of research in order to develop this new product. Stage 1: Discovery: Kellogg’s is a market oriented organization, wherein, market oriented means that the entire organization focuses on the needs of its customers. So, in order to find the needs of the customers, Kellogg’s has done a research to identify a set of new food ideas that would be appropriate for developing the new Crunchy Nut product. The company has also conducted secondary research to find out modern trends in the cereal market and to acknowledge new products, flavors and food from around the world. â€Å"Kellogg’s have a world-class food research and development facility, Kellogg’s food scientists, nutritionist and engineers turn wholesome grains and other

Examining Theories On Deviance And Deviant Behavior Criminology Essay

Examining Theories On Deviance And Deviant Behavior Criminology Essay The conditions under which deviant behavior exists have presented an enduring question for researchers. Within the literature the majority of definitions of deviance share one commonality: that social norms and values subjectively label behaviors as deviant. Similar to the number of theories of deviance there exist a number of motivations why individuals choose to engage in deviant behavior. Existing theories-general strain, anomie, labeling, control, and learning-examine these factors and attempt to clarify the hows and whys of deviant behavior. The most common factors which facilitate individual deviance include personal strain, social disorganization, a lack of self-control, and the perception that the benefits for engaging in deviance outweighing the potential costs. Because of these variations there is currently no universally-accepted theory of deviance. Introduction An urgent question in contemporary social sciences is how and why certain behaviors, attributes, or classes of individuals come to be defined as deviant.  [1]  Since social groups make the rules, deviant behavior results from individuals who fail to adhere to said rules. When behaviors are defined as deviant it is assumed that they will either promote or inhibit individual motivation to engage in such acts and will evoke certain social responses which serve to influence subsequent behavior by those within said society.  [2]  A number of theorists attempt to identify a commonality to the different types of deviant behavior. The underlying theme is that this type of behavior offends societys normative order and deviance becomes a theoretical construct of this consensus. There exist a number of theories which seek to define how individuals and their behavior are identified as deviant. Definitions of and Motivations for Deviant Behavior Despite a wide variety of definitions of deviance there is consensus that deviance refers to behaviors or attributes manifested by specified kinds of people in specified circumstances that are judged to violate the normative expectations of a specified group.  [3]  This consensus perspective serves to promote collective agreement as to what core values, norms, and goals should be. Behavior that falls outside of the specified parameters are deemed deviant. The degree of deviance is directly correlated to the perceived serious of the punitive response it elicits. Many questions abound as to individual motivations to engage in deviant behavior. Fundamentally, if one anticipates that satisfaction will ensue from engaging in the behavior then he will do so. Hirschi (1969) asserts that the motivation for deviance is always present and that research should examine the circumstances which permit individuals to act on these motivations.  [4]  In another view, Merton (1938) argues that societal strain increases motivation for deviance in order to achieve certain unattainable culturally-sanctioned goals.  [5]  Where the majority of individuals will embrace conformity as a response to strain others resort to deviance. Similarly, Tittles (1995) control balance theory assumes that individuals have a strong need to exercise control over themselves and to escape having control exerted over them by others while Katz (1988) argues that the motivation to deviance occurs to protect ones self esteem, encourage a desired reputation, establish autonomy, [ or] demonstrate competence, for example.  [6]   These theories all share the presumption that deviance is motivated by the need to adapt to psychological distress which results from the failure to achieve desired goals through conventional means. Accordingly, when pushes, or psychological impulses which compel an individual to engage in deviant behavior, and pulls, or the attraction of deviant opportunities, interact then motivation for deviance increases.  [7]  Deviance results from individuals motive to engage in deviant behavior being stronger than the motive not to amidst the existence of the opportunity to do so. Theoretical Foundations There are two primary types of theories to explain deviance: structural and processual. Structural theories are labeled sociological theories while processual ones are termed social psychological theories due to the differences in goals and scope.  [8]  Structural theories emphasize the relationship of deviant behavior to particular structural conditions within society and attempt to explain why deviance is higher in certain areas, such as those with lower socioeconomic status.  [9]  On the other hand, processual theories seek to describe the processes by which people engage in deviant behavior by attempting to explain the conditions which lead to the commission of deviant acts.  [10]  With respect to scope, structural theories address the epidemiology, or distribution in time and space of deviance and processual theories focus upon the etiology, or specific causes, of deviance.  [11]   Specific Theories of Deviance General Strain Theory (GST) GST addresses the interrelatedness of strain and its emotional response, individual coping mechanisms, and deviance.  [12]  As a theory it focuses not upon strain itself but upon individual responses to strain and seeks to identify those characteristics which enable non-deviant responses amid strain. Sharp, Brewster Love (2005) argue that certain types of strain create certain actions which influence delinquent behaviors. Anger, for example is an emotional response which has a high likelihood of encouraging deviant behavior. Therefore, where there is a strain-particularly one perceived as unfair-low social control creates pressure which, in turn, causes deviant behavior.  [13]  Research indicates that gender is a strong predictor of strain-induced deviance with males more overt in their responses than females who tend to internalize strain. GST has been used considerably in the study of juvenile deviance. Repeated exposure to stressful life experiences has been found to both escalate and accelerate juvenile delinquency and depending upon when during ones life-course trajectory the strain occurs different implications ensue. The literature suggests that involvement in delinquency begins to increase during early adolescence, peaking around age 16 and 17, and followed by a decline in such behavior.  [14]  Agnew (1997, 2006) claims that this life-course trajectory highlights that adolescence is a period of high transitions, that adolescents perceive their environment as negative more so than adults, and that there is an increased propensity for juveniles to react to adversity through deviant behavior.  [15]  The lack of useful coping mechanisms in juveniles makes it difficult to react to strain more effectively. Anomie Theory According to anomie theory-much like GST-deviance results from social disorganization in that elements in society promote deviant behavior by making such behavior a feasible adjustment to society. Where the earliest form of this theory hypothesized that anomie results from a failure to achieve positively-valued goals Agnew (2001) expanded upon this theory by including that anomie can also result when positive stimuli are removed and when negative stimuli are applied.  [16]  One criticism of anomie theory is that it assumes universality in what should be defined as deviant and how most individuals should behave; however, in reality, deviance is a relative concept so this universality is erroneous.  [17]   Labeling Theory Labeling theory presents an interactionist perspective to the study of deviant behavior by stressing the importance of the processes through which society labels a particular act as deviant and the subsequent negative social sanctions which influence the individual to engage in further deviance.  [18]  Becker (1973) claims that deviance is a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an offender.  [19]  Therefore, while the act or the person may not be inherently deviant, existing social controls create deviance by defining acts that the majority believes to be so and, consequently, labeling individuals who engage in such acts as deviant. This creates a self-fulfilling prophecy by amplifying the very phenomenon that it is intended to suppress.  [20]  Of primary importance is that subsequent events serve to reinforce the deviance because an individual internalizes the label attached to him by societys stigmatizing and creates secondary, or tertiary, deviance. The labeling itself serves to ensure that every society has a percentage of deviants which is critical to maintain the majority consensus.  [21]   Control Theory Control theory is similar to anomie and social disorganization theories to the degree that deviance results from the lack of social controls on individual restraint to engage in deviant behavior.  [22]  Durkheim (1933) asked why people conform to social norms instead of why they engage in deviant behavior. Under this theory it is assumed that everyone would engage in deviant behavior if given the chance, that a small amount of social controls will increase deviance, and that there exists a central value system which defines deviance in society.  [23]  There are four components of an individuals societal bond which serve to prevent deviance: attachment to specific groups through affection, respect, and socialization; commitment to accepting conforming behavior; involvement in non-delinquent behavior; and a belief in the dominant value system of any particular group.  [24]  When social bonds are reestablished or strengthened then the deviant behavior ceases. Accordingly, individuals who engage in deviant behavior do so due to low self-control. Under this theory low self-control is comprised of six personality traits: anger, impulsivity, preference for simple tasks, risk-seeking, being more physical than mental, and being self-centered.  [25]  Gottfredson Hirschis (1990) self-control theory asserts that inadequate child-rearing results in lowered self-control which facilitates a predisposition to engage in deviant behavior.  [26]  They also claim that individuals who engage in one type of deviant act will commit other deviant acts. Learning or Socialization Theory These theories suggest that deviance is a learned behavior similar to how non-deviant individuals learn conforming behavior. By attempting to distinguish variations in behaviors theorists assume that differences in rates of deviance among various groups can be determined. One of the most widely-cited learning theories is Sutherlands (1947) differential association theory which postulates that deviant behavior results from normative conflicts in neighborhood structures, peer group relationships, and the organization of family in society.  [27]  The fundamental tenets of Sutherlands theory are that criminal behavior is learned, that learning is a result of personal interaction, that primary learning occurs in intimate group settings, that people learn that socially-normative attitudes are either favorable or not, that deviant behavior results when conditions favorable to deviance exceed those unfavorable to violating the law, and that deviant behavior cannot be explained by general needs and values.  [28]  Accordingly, an individual learns various motives which are favorable to engaging in deviant behaviors as well as rationalizations and techniques for achieving them. While the behavior may be defined as deviant to the rest of society, within a particular individuals in-group the behavior may adhere to the groups norms. Akers (1985, 1989) expanded upon Sutherlands work by adding that deviance results when a person learns definitions that portray some conduct as a desirable, even though deviant, action.  [29]  If an individual is rewarded for a deviant act by his in-group then he becomes socialized to continue the behavior under the expectation of similar positive experiences for subsequent acts. Other Theories Deterrence theory asks whether the expectation of certain, severe, and swift punishment for engaging in deviant behavior would deter such behavior.  [30]  Rational choice theory addresses an individuals anticipated cost-benefit ratio of acting on deviant impulses. A greater expected or perceived benefit increases the likelihood that the individual will commit the act. Finally, conflict theory asserts that the development of formal social controls and laws are legitimized by the more powerful societal groups.  [31]   Conclusion The wide variation of social psychological theories of deviant behavior seeks to answer why individuals become motivated to engage in deviant behavior, how behaviors and attitudes are defined as deviant, what factors facilitate deviant behavior, why some deviant behavior is escalated, and what consequences exist.  [32]  Despite the number and variety of theories of deviance the commonality is that this concept is a socially-defined construct utilized to maintain a societys normative values. The disparities in definitions of deviance among societies make it difficult to establish an all-encompassing theory to explain the existence of deviant behavior in contemporary society.

12 Step

12-Step/Mutual Support Group Meeting Directions and Requirements Read Chapter 10 in advance of attending the meeting. 1. Students should choose the type of meeting they wish to attend: Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, Overeaters Anonymous, Reformers Unanimous etc. Look in Chapter 10 for a list of others. Often these meetings are held at churches, shelters, and helping agencies. They are offered at various times of the day and multiple times each week. Rocky Mount has some really great AA and NA groups but you may attend anywhere you choose. 2. Go online for a meeting schedule for your area.Google the meeting type and then your county/town for a full listing. 3. Choose an OPEN (O) or Open Speaker (OS or Sp) meeting to attend. Do NOT attend a CLOSED meeting as they are for members only. 4. Do NOT take notes or attempt in any way to record the meeting; you are there to observe. Taking notes has the potential to violate the anonymous nature of these group fellowships. Recording the meeting is a violation of privacy and law! 5. Be respectful by identifying yourself by first name only and as a visitor or by saying you are there to learn about the program if asked. . You are there to OBSERVE, so do not attempt to interview members of the fellowship. Attend the meeting and experience what the members offer through sharing. Stay for the entire meeting. 7. ————————————————- After the meeting, privately jot down some immediate thoughts and reactions to what you observed and learned. Use first names ONLY if you recount a members story. ————————————————- ————————————————- These meetings usually have light refreshments (coffee, cookies , etc. . Also, many of the fellowships are self-supporting, so a basket may be passed around at the end of the meeting to collect $1 from members. You may contribute $1 if you choose to, but you are not expected to do so since you are not a member. Simply pass the basket to the next person. Out of respect for the meeting process, please avoid getting up or moving around during the meeting (as in going to the bathroom, etc). Although I think the experience is more meaningful when students attend alone, you may elect to go with one nother person. Please do not attend in small groups which will only draw attention to yourselves and create a spectacle. At all times be mindful that you are entering a safe and sacred space for those who suffer from addiction. Meetings often begin and end with a prayer. If you are not comfortable joining in the group prayer, feel free to simply remain silent. In preparing the paper for submission you will need to address the following: 1. What were your th oughts, feelings, preconceived notions prior to attending the meeting. 2.Describe the demographics of the fellowship: race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), gender, age, etc. 3. Describe the atmosphere of the fellowship, the meeting dynamics, and the group norms. How did the meeting progress? 4. Detail what you learned about those with chemical dependency, addiction, yourself, and your community through this event. What surprised you or impressed you? 5. How will your work as a social work practitioner or human service worker be impacted by what you have learned about 12-Step / Mutual Support Groups?Required: TNR 12 font, in-text references from the textbook with a reference page, and 4-6 pages of reflection and analysis tying back the experience of the meeting with the learning from the textbook and course. Upload the file in the DF in Moodle or email the Word document as an attachment through the student email account before the deadline. Late Policy applies to this assignme nt, so please submit it before the due date and time to insure the most points possible! Consult Moodle and the Course Outline for the deadline.

Divergent Boundaries

The Crime Of Juvenile Offenders - 1256 Words

In researching this material, there appears to be substantial evidence that continues to rise (and extremely much higher rates in the 2000’s) that portions of juvenile offenders commit most of the chronic, and violent, crimes of juvenile offenders. In a study conducted by Philadelphia birth cohort (Figlio, Wolfgang, Sellin, 1972) found that these â€Å"chronic offenders† (including having five or more police contact activities) in whole, constituted six percent of the cohort, and a rising figure of 18 percent of all delinquents. The juvenile offenders were again responsible for the rising of 64 percent of all offenses in about two-thirds of all of the violent offenses. Other studies have also concluded very similar results, (Shannon, 1988;†¦show more content†¦The risk that our youth may become involved in violent offending of violence may vary based on a variety of factors that may include individual characteristics, daily activities, family characteristics, p eer, and school influences (friends, gang members...) their own or different neighborhood environments. There is no particular method or recipe we could determine exactly who will commit these violent crimes (or perhaps a victim of that violence), we must remember, and to be very clear that some of our youth, and adolescent may be at much greater risk than others. First, I thought it would be important to talk about individual factors which refers to the broad range of individual characteristics which may be related to behavioral patterns in several different ways. These factors may include psychological, and physiological characteristics, as well as demographic characteristics such as race, gender and age. The following will focus on the demographic characteristics: Youth/Juvenile/Adolescent’s that may be at risk becoming violent-In consideration of the taking the most powerful demographic predictors in violent criminality involve both age, and gender. Boys being in the later adolescent, or younger teenage men, are much more likely to become then girls, or even older men (Chaiken, 1998). This is something that cannot be taking lightly, and very alarming in our society.