Acting For Christ As Acting - 3422 Words

ACTING FOR CHRIST IS ACTING FOR CHRIST ____________________________________ My Philosophy of Ministry Project Presented To Dr. Samuel E. Baker, Ed.D Corban University ___________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for: CM303 Philosophy of Ministry __________________________________ By Cassandra Van Slyke Fall - 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction I. The Theology II. The Philosophy III. The Methodology IV. The Culture’s Impact Conclusion Bibliography Introduction There is much to be said about a ministry that is done outside the church. These parachurch organizations are based around the youth culture and how it can be brought back to the Christian mind set. Some of these†¦show more content†¦Theater used in the context of youth ministry is a brilliant strategy for deepening the faith journey of students. This is because art is a reflection of life. It holds a mirror to that which we see everyday and presents it in a different light, bringing forward new messages and changing not only the audience but the performer. Used and approached properly, the performing arts can expand the mind, strengthen the body, and fortify the spirit. This can be done regardless of the production or character being portrayed. In this way youth can see what it is to live in the world and not be of it (John 17:14-18). The Theology A foundational part of the theology behind the theater department at Corban University is the belief that we are created in the image of God (Gen 1:26-27). Because of this, we are blessed with many of his characteristics, one of which is creativity (Gen 1). Since we live in a world fallen to sin, we as humans are broken. The brokenness leads to insecurity in our gifts, in our worship and even in our relationships. In participating in a production that reflects the broken nature of humanity and the redemptive power of Christ, students can participate in that creativity and grow in practical understanding of theology (Heb 5:13-14). This approach to a foundation for theater as a ministry is important because it brings us back to the basics of who we are as children of God (John 1:12-13; Phil 2:15). It also reminds us that God is not just within the â€Å"box of

Code Division Multiple Access Communication Systems Free Essays

string(31) " be noise like to other users\." Chapter 2- Communication System Telecommunication systems have now made it possible to pass on with virtually anyone at any clip. Early telegraph and telephone system used Cu wire to transport signal over the earth’ surface and across oceans and high frequence ( HF ) wireless, besides normally called shortwave wireless, made possible inter-continental telephone links.Every communicating system has its ain frequence scope, system, capacity, application execution cost. We will write a custom essay sample on Code Division Multiple Access Communication Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the footing of transmittal system there are two types of communicating system †¢ Wired communicating system †¢ Wireless communicating system 2.2 Multiple Access Technique A limited sum of bandwidth is allocated for radio services. A radio system is required to incorporate as many users as possible by efficaciously sharing the limited bandwidth. Therefore, in communicating, the term multiple entree can non be defined as a agency of leting multiple users to at the same time portion the finite bandwidth with least possible debasement in the public presentation of the system. There are four multiple entree methods – a ) Frequency Division Multiple Access ( FDMA ) B ) Time Division Multiple Access ( TDMA ) degree Celsius ) Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA ) vitamin D ) Space Division Multiple Access ( SDMA ) Frequency Division Multiple Accesses ( FDMA ) FDMA is one of the oldest multiple entree techniques for cellular systems when uninterrupted transmittal is required for parallel services. In this bandwidth is divided into a figure of channels and distributed among users with a finite part of bandwidth for lasting usage, as illustrated in figure 2.2. The channels are assigned merely when there is a demand of the users. Therefore when a channel is non in usage it consequences in a otiose resource. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.001.png"/ Fig 2.2Channel Use by FDMA FDMA channels have narrow bandwidth of about 30 KHz, and therefore they are normally implemented in narrow set system. Since the user has his part of bandwidth all the clip, FDMA does non necessitate clocking control, which makes it simple. Even though no two users use the same frequence set at the same clip, guard sets are introduced between sets to minimise channel intervention. Guard sets are fresh frequence slots which separates neighbouring channels. This leads to a wastage of bandwidth. In a non-continuous transmittal bandwidth goes wasted since it is non being utilized for a part of the clip. Time Division Multiple Access ( TDMA ) In digital systems, uninterrupted transmittal is non required as the users do non use the allotted bandwidth all the clip. In such systems, TDMA is a O.K.ing technique compared to FDMA. Global Systems for Mobile communications i.e GSM uses the TDMA technique. In TDMA, bandwidth is available to the user but merely for a finite period of clip. In most instances the bandwidth is divided into fewer channels compared to FDMA and the users are allotted clip slots during which they have the full channel bandwidth at their disposal. This is illustrated in figure 2.3. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.002.png"/ Fig 2.3Channel Uses by TDMA TDMA requires careful clip synchronism since users portion the bandwidth in the frequence sphere. As the figure of channels are less, channel intervention is about negligible, hence the guard clip between the channels is significantly smaller. Guard clip is spacing clip between the TDMA. In cellular communications, whenever a user moves from one cell to other there is a opportunity that user could see a call loss if there are no free clip slots. TDMA uses different clip slots for transmittal every bit good as response. Code Division Multiple Access In CDMA, all the users occupy the same bandwidth, though they are all assigned separate codifications, which distinguishes them from each other as shown in figure 2.4. CDMA systems utilize a spread spectrum technique in which a spreading signal, is uncorrelated to the signal and has a larger bandwidth, is used to distribute the narrow set signal. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum i.e DS-SS is most normally used for codification division multiple surplus. In Direct sequence spread spectrum, the message signal is multiplied by a Pseudo Random Noise Code, which has a noise like belongingss. Each user has its ain codification which is extraneous to the codification of every other users. In order to feel the user, the receiving system is required to cognize the codeword used by the sender. contrasting TDMA, CDMA does non necessitate clip synchronism between the users. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.003.png"/ Fig 2.4Channel Uses by CDMA 2.4 CDMA 2.4.1 History Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA ) is a new construct in wireless communications. It has achieved widespread credence by cellular system operators, that will dramatically increase both their system capacity and the service quality. CDMA is a signifier of spread-spectrum, that have been used in military applications for old ages. The rule of spread spectrum is the usage of noise-like moving ridges and, as the name connote bandwidths much larger than that required for simple point to indicate communicating at the same information rate. foremost there were two motive: To defy enemy attempts to throng the communications ( anti-jam, or AJ ) , or to conceal the fact that communicating was even taking topographic point, from clip to clip called low chance of intercept. It has a history that goes back to the early yearss of World War second. The usage of CDMA for nomadic wireless applications is new. It was planned theoretically in the late fourty’s. profitable applications became promising because of two evolutionary developments. One was the handiness of really low cost, high denseness digital ICs, which cut down the size and cost of the endorser Stationss to an adequately low value. Introduction to CDMA CDMA is a multiple entree technique that allows multiple users to convey independent information within the same bandwidth at the same time. Each user is assigned a pseudo-random codification that is either extraneous to the codifications of all the other users or the codification possesses appropriate cross-correlation belongingss that minimize the multiple entree intervention ( MAI ) . This codification is superimposed on an information signal therefore, doing the signal emerges to be noise like to other users. You read "Code Division Multiple Access Communication Systems" in category "Essay examples" Merely the intended receiving system has a reproduction of the same codification and uses it to pull out the information signal. This so allows the sharing of the same spectrum by multiple users without doing inordinate MAI. It besides ensures message privateness, since merely the intended user is able to â€Å"decode† the signal. This codification is besides known as a spreadi ng codification, since it spreads the bandwidth of the original informations signal into a much higher bandwidth before transmittal. 2.4.2 CDMA Classification Tree img alt="UntitledFEDF.png" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.004.png"/ Fig 2.6Classification Tree of the assorted types of CDMA Techniques Advantages of CDMA One of the chief advantages of CDMA is that call dropouts occur merely when the phone is at least twice every bit far from the base station. It is used in the pastoral countries where GSM make non acquire to work decently. Another advantage is capacity means it has a really high spectral capacity so that it can suit more users. Disadvantages of CDMA One major job in CDMA engineering is channel pollution, where signals from excessively different cell sites are present in the subscriber’s phone but none of them is foremost. When this state of affairs arises the characteristic of the audio signal degrades. Another disadvantage is when compared to GSM it lacks international roaming capablenesss. 2.5 Spread Spectrum Spread spectrum are the methods in which energy generated at a individual frequence is spread over a broad set of frequences. The basic spread spectrum technique is shown in Figure 2.7. This is done to accomplish transmittal that is robust against the channel damages, and to be able to defy natural interventions or thronging besides to forestall hostile sensing. These techniques were developed by military counsel systems. The technique is said to be spread spectrum if transmittal bandwidth is much greater than minimal bandwidth needed to convey the information.The system achieves spread spectrum if it fulfills the undermentioned demands: Signal occupies bandwidth much larger of the minimal bandwidth necessary to direct information. Spreading is done with the aid of distributing codification signal which is independent of the informations. At the receiving system, de-spreading is done by the correlativity of the received dispersed signal with a synchronised reproduction of the distributing signal used to distribute the information. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.006.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.005.png"Spread signal bandwidth img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.008.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.007.png"Undesired signal img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.014.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.013.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.012.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.011.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.010.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.009.png"informations signal img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.023.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.022.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.021.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.020.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.019.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.018.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.017.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.016.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.016.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.015.png"recovered informations Spreading code signal Spreading codification signal Fig 2.7Model of Basic Spread Spectrum Technique The chief parametric quantity in dispersed spectrum systems is the treating addition: Is the ratio of transmittal and information bandwidth:Gp =img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.024.png", which is fundamentally the spreading factor. The processing addition calculates the figure of users that can be allowed, the sum of multi-path effects and the trouble to throng a signal. Spread spectrum can be classified as follows – a ) Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum B ) Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum degree Celsius ) Time Hopping Spread Spectrum 2.5.1 DS-CDMA Direct Sequence is the best Dispersed Spectrum Technique. The DS-CDMA method provides a multiple of benefits in cellular systems including easiness in planing frequence channels and protection against intervention, such that a high procedure addition is used. In DS-CDMA each user has its ain spreading codification. The choice of good codification is of import because auto-correlation belongingss and length of the codification restricts system capacity. The codification can be divided into two categories- Orthogonal codifications ( Walsh codifications ) Non-orthogonal codifications ( PN, Gold, Kasami codifications ) The informations signal is multiplied by a Pseudo Random Noise Code. A PN codification is a sequence of french friess its scope is -1 and 1 ( polar ) or 0 and 1 ( non-polar ) . This consequences in low cross-correlation values among the codifications and the trouble to throng or observe a information message. A usual manner to make a PN codification is by agencies of at least one displacement registry. The bit rate decides the rate at which distributing signals are transmitted. At the receiver terminal, spread signals are decoded with the aid of correlativity maps. Cross correlativity de-spreads the standard signals and retrieves the familial signal similar to the user’s original signal. The distributing sequences can orthogonal agencies ‘0’ transverse correlativity or random sequences with low cross-correlation belongingss. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.027.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.026.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.025.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.028.png"Y ( T )img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.029.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.035.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.034.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.033.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.032.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.031.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.030.png"m ( T ) C ( T ) Cos ( wt ) Fig 2.8Direct Sequence Spread – Spectrum Modulation System In the DS-CDMA technique, each spots of the users informations are multiplied with a codification in the transmitting terminal. The codification sequence used in conveying terminal performs the function of distributing codification. The baseband theoretical account of a DS-CDMA system is shown in fig 2.8. Let m ( T ) denotes a binary information sequence, degree Celsius ( T ) denotes a codification sequence. The wave forms m ( T ) and c ( T ) denote polar representations in footings of two degrees as  ±1. By multiplying the information spots by the codification, each information spot is divided into a little clip increases that are called french friess. The baseband signalimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.036.png"( T ) is filtered to restrict energy within the bandwidth, defined by the codification rate. The bearer transition normally used in dispersed spectrum is phase displacement identifying. Sing the figure we get: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.037.png"( T ) = m ( T ) C ( T ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 3.2 ) The baseband signalimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.036.png"( T ) is convoluted with the impulse response of the spectrum determining filter to give Y ( T ) : Y ( T ) =img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.036.png"( T ) ? H ( T ) , where * denotes convolution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The set base on balls signalimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.038.png"( T ) = [img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.036.png"( T ) ? H ( T ) ] cosimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.039.png"T ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( 3.4 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.040.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.048.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.047.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.046.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.045.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.044.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.043.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.042.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.041.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.029.png"m ( T ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.053.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.052.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.051.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.050.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.049.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.055.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.054.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.056.png"/ Cos ( wt ) Clock img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.057.png"/ C ( T ) Fig 2.9Matched Filter Spread-Spectrum Receiver. The standard Band base on balls signalimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.058.png"( T ) is converted to an tantamount complex low base on balls signal A ( T ) by blending with a locally generated coherent bearer. The complex low base on balls signal A ( T ) =img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.058.png"( T ) cosimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.059.png"t†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( 3.5 ) The de-spread signal B ( T ) = A ( T ) [ C ( T ) ? H ( T ) ] †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 3.6 ) The end product of the matched filter D ( T ) =img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.060.png"( 3.7 ) . The receiving system decodes the informations: D ( T ) A ; gt ; 0 decode binary ‘1’ otherwise decode binary ‘0’. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.067.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.066.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.065.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.064.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.063.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.062.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.061.png"-11 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.069.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.068.png"user’s spot dispersed signal Despread signal Received spot img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.071.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.070.png" distributing sequence distributing sequence Fig 2.10User Signal in DS-CDMA System Let us believe the first spots of four users. By multiplying each spot with a PN codification, users spots are represented by seven french friess as shown above. User 1 [ 1 ] : 1 C1: -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 = A ; gt ; -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 User 2 [ 1 ] : -1 C2: 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1= A ; gt ;-1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 User 3 [ 1 ] : 1 C3: -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 = A ; gt ; -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 User 4 [ 1 ] : -1 C4: 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1= A ; gt ; -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 – 1 R [ 1 ] : -4 2 0 0 2 -2 2 ( received informations ) The received information consists of information of four users. To retrieve the original spots of users from the received informations, the received informations should multiplied with the codification sequence in the receiving system that is precisely same with that is used for distributing the original informations in sender agencies ( de-spreading ) . We assume that the receiving system operates in perfect synchrony with the sender. As a last measure, determination is made by comparing the consequences with a threshold value as shown below. R [ 1 ] * C1= 4-2+2+2+2= 8 A ; gt ; 0 = A ; gt ; 1 R [ 1 ] * C2= -4-2+2-2-2= -8 A ; lt ; 0 = A ; gt ; -1 R [ 1 ] * C3= 4+2+2-2+2= 8 A ; gt ; 0 = A ; gt ; 1 R [ 1 ] * C4= -4-2-2-2+2= -8 A ; lt ; 0 = A ; gt ; -1 Advantages of DS-CDMA It has an intervention rejection belongings ; every user is identified with a specific codification sequence which is about extraneous to the other users codifications. The DS-CDMA besides excludes the demand of channel spliting therefore all users use the full channel bandwidth. Furthermore, it is stiff to multipath attenuation. Signals in DS-CDMA systems are indistinguishable strength full a broad bandwidth which can pull strings the multipath attenuation to modify the end product. Properties of DS-CDMA. Multiple Access – If multiple users use the channel at the same clip, there will be multiple signals overlapping in clip and frequence. At the receiver terminal coherent demodulation is used to take the codification transition. This method concentrates the power of the desired user in the information bandwidth. If the cross-correlations between the codification of the desired user and the codifications of the interfering users are little, consistent sensing will merely set a little portion of the power of the interfering signals into the information bandwidth. Narrowband Interference- The coherent sensing at the receiving system involves a generation of the standard signal with a locally generated codification sequence. However, as we see at the sender, multiplying a narrowband signal with a wideband codification sequence spreads the spectrum of the narrowband signal so that its power in the information bandwidth decreases by a factor which is equal to the processing addition. 2.6 Problem Description Main job with DS-SS is the so called Near –Far consequence. This is described by an illustration. In figure 2.12 this consequence is present when an interfering sender TX ( B ) is closer to the receiving system RX ( A ) than the intended TX ( A ) and, the correlativity between the standard signal from the interfering sender TX ( B ) and RX ( A ) can be higher than the correlativity between the standard signal from the intended sender TX ( A ) and RX ( A ) . The consequence is that proper informations sensing is non possible. Transmitter Tx ( B ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.076.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.075.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.074.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.073.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.072.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.078.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.077.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.080.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.079.png"Transmitter Tx ( A ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.082.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.081.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.083.png" Fig 2.12Near Far Effect Another job is hidden and exposed terminus in wireless Ad-hoc web. Hidden terminusjob refers- The hit of package at the having node due to the coincident transmittal of those nodes that are non within the direct transmittal scope of the transmitter. Exposed terminusjob refers- The inability of a node which is blocked due to nearby transmission node, to convey another node. For Example if both node S1 and S2 transmit to node R1 at same clip their packages collide at node R1.This happens because both nodes S1 and S2 are hidden from each other as they are non within the direct transmittal scope of each other. This is called concealed terminus job. On the other manus if a transmittal from node S1 to another node R1 is already in advancement, node S3 can non convey to node R2, as it concludes that its neighbour node S1 is in conveying node and hence it should non interface with the on-going transmittal. This job reduces the throughput of web when traffic burden is high. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.088.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.087.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.086.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.085.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.084.png"img alt="Untitled.png" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.089.png"/ Transmission scope of node S1 Transmission scope of node S2 img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.090.png"/ Fig 2.13Hidden and Exposed Terminal Problems 2.7 Proposed Work The Basic motivation of our undertaking was to analyze and develop an Efficient Mac based DS-CDMA protocol for work outing near far job. A CDMA communicating system requires an efficient design and testing of its subsystems of PN-sequence generator, spectrum spreading and de-spreading digital circuits and digital modulator and detector faculties which give high throughput. Another issue is near far consequence. 2.7.1 Reason for proposed protocol The Near far consequence is created in the uplink of DS-SS CDMA. When a combination of unfastened and closed-loop power control which ensures that each terminus generates the same signal power at the base station. The base station monitors the power of standard signal from each terminus and instructs distant terminuss to increase their signal powers and nearby terminuss to diminish theirs illustration below shows the power control entirely is non plenty to cut down the near–far job in DS SS CDMA ad-hoc Network. Example: – Letimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.091.png"denote the distance between nodes Ks and n. suppose A wants to pass on with B utilizing a given codification and C wants to pass on with D utilizing a different codification. Suppose that tap ? dCD, dCB A ; lt ; A ; lt ; tap, and dad A ; lt ; A ; lt ; dCD. Then, the MAI caused by C makes it impossible for B to have A transmittal. Similarly, the Multiple entree intervention caused by A makes it impossible for D to have C transmittal. It is of import to observe that the two transmittals can non take topographic point at the same time, irrespective of what transmittal powers are selected if an addition in power is made to battle the MAI at B, this increased power will destruct the response at D. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0779024.092.png"/ Fig 2.14Example shows the Power Control entirely is non plenty to cut down the Near–Far job in DS-SS CDMA Ad-hoc Network The above Fig. unveils two types of jobs – . 1.Medium entree job: – The usage of two different distributing codifications to happen at the same clip is non possible for two transmittals, this job is referred to as medium entree job. 2. Power control job: – If the terminuss adjust their signal powers so two transmittals can take topographic point at the same clip so that the intervention caused by one transmittal is non big plenty to pulverize package response at other terminuss. This is referred as power control job. So the cardinal solution to the close far job must hold both elements: power control and medium entree. 2.7.2 DESIGN GOAL FOR PROTOCOL The Following are the specifications while planing a MAC protocol for Ad-hoc web: The operation of the protocol should be widen and provide quality of service for existent clip traffic. The protocol must be a non-synchronous, spread operation, every bit good as scalable for big webs. It must besides affect minimum exchange of information and must be suited for real-time execution. The protocol must be scalable to big web. in this protocol should be minimise the consequence of hidden and exposed terminus job. The protocol should hold agencies for adaptative informations rate control and it should hold power control mechanisms in order to expeditiously pull off the energy ingestion of node. The receiving system circuitry should non be complex in the sense that it should non be required to supervise the whole codification set. So we design the DS-SS CDMA system with MAC protocol utilizing VHDL. VHDL Implementation of DS-SS CDMA based Mac protocol for Ad-hoc Networks 1 How to cite Code Division Multiple Access Communication Systems, Essay examples

Employee Productivity and Performance Management †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Employee Productivity and Performance Management. Answer: Introduction The performance of any organization is mainly dependent on the coordination of the internal structures, among which include the leadership and management structure, employee engagement, wage rates, fringe benefits to the employees, and the organizational structure as a whole. Substantial research has been conducted to evaluate the impact of employee engagement and wage rates on the workforce performance in an organization and varying results have been reported. This therefore makes it archetypally imperative to conduct a thorough research so as to establish the basic facts of how wage rates and employee engagement affect workforce performance as well as organizational performance of a company or an organization. The study will therefore make use of relevant literatures to conduct a critical analysis and make comparisons of the results (Anitha, 2014, p.308) Effectively managing an organization while ensuring worthwhile performance is a substantial issue to understand. The performance of employees in an organization is one of the main drives towards the success of an organization. On the other hand, wage rates and workforce engagements have direct influence on employee performance. It therefore makes understanding the relationship a vital topic for research The research study is intended to ascertain the relationship that exist in employee engagement, wage rates, and labor force performance in organizations. As of various research reports, there is divergence in the findings and the research is therefore intended to ascertain the most reliable variable in determining the organizational performance in relation to employee engagement and wage rates in an organization (Lu et al., 2016, p.750). The research will also help organizations in identifying strategic opportunities for maximization of production. With ability to predict the relationship between the employee performance and wage rates, organizations can be able to provide an enumerating atmosphere to ensure the maximum output is attained from the employees. Furthermore, the research aims at improving retention rate of employees by understanding the facts of how the engagement and wage rates motivate the worker performance and expectations (Shields, 2015). This is because, according to research, having high retention rate in an organization implies high level of efficiency due to the fact that the workers are comfortably working in a particular field, doing the something over and again and subsequently, the employees gain more experience (Barrick et al., 2015, p.112). The study will make use of qualitative research method. Review of many relevant literatures will be conducted to ascertain the required information. Furthermore, the research will also make use information collected from advocacy groups, the government reports, and reputable organizational reports (Mone, London, 2018).. With the aim of having the most reliable and dependable reports, the review will make use of latest literature. Findings will be tallied to establish the correlation. To find the most reliable and dependable data, the study will make use of literature in Google scholar. In selecting the literature, key words will be used related to the research topic and only literature not later than eight year will be used. This is intended to bring out a report that satisfies the current organizational needs. Refereces Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management,63(3), 308. Barrick, M. R., Thurgood, G. R., Smith, T. A., Courtright, S. H. (2015). Collective organizational engagement: Linking motivational antecedents, strategic implementation, and firm performance.Academy of Management journal,58(1), 111-135. Lu, L., Lu, A. C. C., Gursoy, D., Neale, N. R. (2016). Work engagement, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions: A comparison between supervisors and line-level employees.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(4), 737-761. Mone, E. M., London, M. (2018).Employee engagement through effective performance management: A practical guide for managers. Routledge. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., ... Plimmer, G. (2015).Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press.

Modesty free essay sample

Woman must not wear mens clothing, nor a man wear womens clothing, for the LORD your God detests anyone who does this. The desire to emulate men in dress has seriously affected the fine and noble characteristics of womanhood. Often it takes a second glance to determine the sex of a woman today, due to the distorted and strange garb she wears and the close proximity of her attire to that of a man. The Scriptures call this practice an abomination unto God, or something God hates. Perhaps some will say this standard has changed due to the inception of the age of grace introduced by Jesus Christ. But this verse deals with moral law and with the nature of God, which never change, not with a ceremonial ritual fulfilled by Christ. Moreover, when the Apostle Peter wished to instruct Christian women about proper conduct, he used Sarah, the wife of Abraham, as his example (I Peter 3:5). We will write a custom essay sample on Modesty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, we are not out of order in this instance to use a verse of Scripture from the law. We rightfully go back over the years and learn a spiritual lesson that sharply rebukes the customs and practices of our day. You see, all these questions that people argue about can be settled just by plain old common sense. The principle is to let the appearance be different enough that folks won’t have any doubt. That’s the way to answer it all. You don’t have to get everybody’s ok on this piece of clothing, or that one, just draw the line and determine to wear something that no one will ever have a doubt about. It’s going to look like man’s clothing. It’s going to look like women’s clothing. What about when working out in the field? What about women working in factories? What about women who have to climb on ladders? Don’t they need something modest? Yes, they do need something modest. I used to see women out in the field picking cotton and so on. I used to see them wear overalls, but I also saw some of them pit dresses on over their overalls. That was common when I was a girl. Now I know that some of them didn’t wear dresses over their overalls. Some of them did others things that were wrong, too. You know, too, there are some other things to wear, such as culottes, which are just as modest and still look feminine. That’s what you ought to wear. If you can’t buy any, get a sewing machine and learn how to sew It’s worth the expense and trouble to make that adjustment if you are going to have convictions. Do not wear clothing that the opposite sex wears. And if you are in doubt about it, just don’t and you will be safe. Just make sure that what you wear identifies you as a male or as a female and not in a way that a person would have to look at the tempting zones of the body to tell whether or not you are a male or female. This is what the Devil wants you to do, and surely you don’t want to cooperate with the Devil on this matter. Second, what do you look like when you wear these clothes? What do you look like from a distance? You’ve had the same experience that I’ve had of being out in public and seeing somebody at a distance and not being really sure if that person is a male or a female. You can’t tell by the clothes, because girls wear pants just like boys do. They wear T-shirts just like boys do. The boys often have their hair just as long as the girls (or the girls’ just as short as the boys), so you look at someone from a distance and you often cannot tell if the person is a male or a female. The only way you can tell is to look at those portions of the body that distinguish between male and female, and by the way, this is the Devil’s reason behind it all. That is what he wants you to look at. He doesn’t want you to look at somebody’s head; he wants you to look other places. That is one of the things that makes this so wrong, and we need to see that. We should not wear clothing which at a distance would make anybody wonder whether we are male or female. Her hair style is again predicated upon the Word of God, which teaches her to let her hair grow uncut: Is it comely that a woman pray unto God uncovered? Doth not even nature itself teach you, that, if a man have long hair, it is a shame unto him? But if a woman have long hair, it is a glory to her: for her hair is given her for a covering (I Corinthians 11:13-15). Here are the biblical guidelines concerning Christian example in dress for women. 1. Modesty 2. Moderation in cost. 3. Inclination toward godliness (decency). 4. Avoidance of outward adornment. 5. Shamefacedness and sobriety. 6. Distinction between male and female. Sailors may have played a role in the dissemination of trousers as a fashion around the world. In the 17th and 18th centuries, sailors wore baggy trousers known as galligaskins. Sailors were also the first to wear jeanstrousers made of denim. These became more popular in the late 19th century in the American West, because of their ruggedness and durability. In ancient China, trousers were only worn by Calvary. According to tradition, they were first introduced by King Wu of Zhao in 375 BC, who copied the custom from non-Chinese horsemen on his northern border. Tim 2:8-10 I want men everywhere to lift up holy hands in prayer, without anger or disputing. I also want women to dress modestly, with decency and propriety, not with braided hair or gold or pearls or expensive clothes, 10but with good deeds, appropriate for women who profess to worship God. Peter 3:1-5 Wives, in the same way be submissive to your husbands so that, if any of them do not believe the word, they may be won over without words by the behavior of their wives, when they see the purity and reverence of your lives. Your beauty should not come from outward adornment, such as braided hair and the wearing of gold jewelry and fine clothes. Instead, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in Gods sight. For this is the way the holy women of the past who put their hope in God used to make themselves beautiful. Holy women of old concentrated on adorning their spiritual life by developing the character of the heart. This is the major concentration and beautification of the Christian woman. Thus, the Apostle Peter used the great dedication of women of another age to impress the women of the first century with the need for the ornament or adornment of a meek and quiet spirit. By the same token, we are within reasonable and scriptural rights to insist that Christian women today heed the influential, sensible, and divinely inspired advice of the apostles. Paul admonished women to dress according to certain standards and listed them in this order: modesty, inexpensive and nonornamental attire, and clothing that becomes godliness. To be modest means to be decent and respectful. The apostolic Christian woman seeks to emulate all the fine virtues of Christian womanhood, so she carefully and prayerfully selects her attire in order not to unduly expose her body to the stares of the public. She is not so old-fashioned as to look like a monstrosity, but she is deliberately methodical in choosing clothing that will dignify her womanhood without provoking the stares of the opposite sex. She has dedicated herself to the cause of Christianity. This manner of dedication avoids expensive, extravagant clothing and superfluous, ornamental jewelry, permitting only the functional use of a wristwatch and a wedding band to designate her wedlock. The great needs of Christian evangelism and charitable assistance to the poor demand that she deny herself the exorbitant tastes of expensive fads so that she might practice the Christian art of concern for others. In this manner, she professes a godliness that stems from a heartfelt desire for virtuous, holy living. Holiness involves both the inner man and the outer man (I Corinthians 6:19-20; I Thessalonians 5:23). We must perfect holiness by cleansing ourselves of filthiness both of the flesh and of the spirit (II Corinthians 7:1). For example, lustful thoughts are as sinful as an act of adultery (Matthew 5:27-28). Holiness, then, includes attitudes, thoughts, and spiritual stewardship on the one hand and actions, appearance, and physical stewardship on the other. One without the other is insufficient. Inward holiness will produce outward holiness, but the outward appearance of holiness is worthless without inward holiness. For example, a modest spirit will produce modest dress, but modest dress is of little value if it conceals a lustful heart. Holiness or sanctification is not a means of earning salvation but a result of salvation. As such, it comes by grace through faith. Holiness cannot be manufactured bywords of the flesh but must come as we submit to the leadership and control of the Holy Spirit. We are holy in a twofold sense. On the one hand, we receive an immediate sanctification (separation from sin) through the death of Christ when we are baptized in Jesus’ name and filled with the Holy Spirit (I Corinthians 6:11; Hebrews10:10). God counts us holy by imputing Christ’s righteousness to us. On the other hand, we must follow after and seek holiness (Hebrews 12:14). We must strive after holiness and receive the progressive work of sanctification. We are already sanctified, but we are also called to be saints (sanctified, holy ones) (I Corinthians 1:2). Many times what we wear helps to mold their expectations as well as our own. When a woman wears an immodest dress, she begins to think of herself as seductive and acts accordingly. Other people perceive her as provocative and treat her as such, which reinforces her behavior. In short, appearance both reflects and to large degree determines what we are in the eyes of self and others. The basic reason for modesty of dress is to subdue the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eye, and the pride of life. The exposed body tends to arouse improper thoughts in both wearer and onlooker. To implement the purpose behind modest dress, the body should basically be covered, except for those parts which we must use openly for normal living. This suggests that clothes should cover the torso and upper limbs. Reasonable guidelines, then, would-be women’s dresses over the knee. In addition, we should avoid low necklines, sleeveless dresses or shirts, very tight clothes, very thin clothes, and slacks on women because they immodestly reveal the feminine contours of upper leg, thigh, and hip. Likewise, swimming in mixed company is immodest. Since the primary effect of makeup is to highlight sex appeal, we reject makeup as immodest. To strive to please the Lord. That is the ultimate goal of the Apostolic lady. Those in Pentecost know there is nothing more attractive than a precious saint whose love for Jesus shines upon her face and is shown to the world in a kind character! Does it fit properly? Remember you are a daughter of the King! No reason to dress frumpy, but dont go too far in the opposite direction! Always keep an attitude of modesty in mind! Is it too tight, flashy, or revealing? A good rule of thumb I use to judge an outfit is would I feel comfortable talking to my pastor wearing it? Would I want my daughter to wear it? Many sisters use the four finger rule for necklines. Place four fingers below the notch at the bottom of your neck, if the neckline plunges below your pinkie finger it might be too low! Check the sleeves, if you can see your underclothing or into your shirt when you lift your arms consider the sleeves may be too short or too wide. You want to be able to lift your arms in worship without any doubting! Regarding slits in skirts or dresses, if you were to take a pair of scissors and cut off the skirt at the top, would it be too short? If the answer is yes, then the slit is too high! Sew it shut or add a triangle piece of scrap denim to fill it in! Is it suitable for the occasion? While we always want to look neat and tidy, the Apostolic lady never wants to appear over or under dressed. Take the time to double check, you want to be focused entirely on the Lord and not be worried about your outfit after you leave home! What Should I Look for While Shopping? The Apostolic lady always appears in clothing which celebrates her gender. A good rule of thumb to follow is the outline of her shape should not be defined above the knee. When purchasing a skirt or dress be sure to bend from the waist and at the knee. Sit down in the dressing room and ensure your skirt stays put! Some naysayers will try and convince you that you are handicapped in a skirt, not so! Many sisters enjoy outdoor activities such as horseback riding, hiking, gardening, bike riding etc. while maintaining their modesty and femininity. Remember the more you strive to please the Lord, the more He will bless you! I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto god, which is your reasonable service. And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God. Romans 12: 1-2 I Should Be Ashamed To Be Naked. The Bible consistently associates shame with nakedness. This is found in both the Old and New Testaments (Micah 1:11; Nahum 3:5; Rev. 3:18, 16:15). In the beginning, man and woman were completely naked. And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed (Gen. 2:25; all quotations taken from NKJV). There was no shame because there was no knowledge of good and evil. After they sinned, their eyes were opened, they knew that they were naked and sewed fig leaves together to make coverings for themselves (Gen. 3:7). What happened next teaches a lesson that many brethren have yet to learn: We dont have to be completely nude to be Biblically naked. Then the LORD God called to Adam and said to him, Where are you? So he said, I heard Your voice in the garden, and I was afraid because I was naked; and I hid myself. And He said, Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten from the tree of which I commanded you that you should not eat? (Gen. 3:9-11). Adam was covered with fig leaves, yet he said he was naked and hid himself in shame. Notice God did not tell him he was not naked. He agreed with Adams conclusion. Adam wasnt clothed until verse 21: Also for Adam and his wife the LORD God made tunics of skin, and clothed them. Why was man still naked in the covering he made for himself, but clothed in the covering God made for him? The garment God made was more adequate, not because of the material it was made out of, but because of the parts of the body that it covered. Man was not clothed until his nakedness was covered. Are we going to be so bold in our dress as to reveal what God has covered? Some brethren are. Some people like to play the where is it game when it comes to modesty. Where is the line? How short is too short? How low is too low? How tight is too tight? I played this game too, until I realized that it was avoiding the real issue. Nakedness has to do with exposing parts of the body, not in measuring the fabric of the clothing. As we have already pointed out, we can have clothes on and still be naked in a Biblical sense. While some brethren are looking for that line between modest and immodest, they overlook the fact that the Bible has been very specific in telling us what is to be covered. There are certain parts of the body which, if left uncovered and exposed, constitute nakedness. The Thigh. Take the millstones and grind meal. Remove your veil, take off the skirt, uncover the thigh, pass through the rivers. Your nakedness shall be uncovered, yes, your shame will be seen; (Isaiah 47:2-3). To reveal the flesh of the thigh is to be naked, and should cause shame. Any clothing which reveals the flesh or form of the thigh is immodest. This would include (but is certainly not limited to) shorts, spandex jogging shorts, swimsuits, mini skirts, skirts with long slits, cheerleading uniforms and many athletic uniforms. The Buttocks. So shall the king of Assyria lead away the Egyptians as prisoners and the Ethiopians as captives, young and old, naked and barefoot, with their buttocks uncovered, to the shame of Egypt (Isaiah 20:4). To expose the buttocks is to be naked, and should cause shame. Any clothing which reveals the flesh or form of the buttocks is immodest. This would include short shorts, mens and womens swimsuits, pants hanging off waist, hip-huggers, etc. The B reasts. I made you thrive like a plant in the field; and you grew, matured, and became very beautiful. Your breasts were formed, your hair grew, but you were naked and bare (Ezekiel 16:7). To expose the breast is to be naked, and should cause shame. Any clothing which reveals the breast (in part or in whole), or is specifically made to showcase or augment the form of the breast is immodest. This would include low cut tops, loose fitting sleeveless tops, tube tops, tight sweaters, push-up bras, etc. This would also apply to men going without a shirt, wearing a muscle shirt, or leaving their shirt unbuttoned. 1. The Bible clearly specifies which body parts need covering. To wear clothing which reveals, exposes, or draws attention to these parts of the body is to dress immodestly. Proximity to a large body of water, or to a swimming facility, doesnt make a swimsuit modest. Calling sports (cross-country, wrestling, basketball, gymnastics, etc. ) or cheerleading outfits a uniform does not make them modest. If these popular garments expose the thigh, buttocks or breasts (mens chest), the one wearing them is naked in a Biblical sense, and ought to be ashamed. 2. I Dont Want To Advertise Something About Myself That Isnt True. Our clothing sends a message. The Bible talks about a Christian woman professing godliness in her dress and conduct (1 Timothy 2:9-10). It also talks about the attire of a harlot (Proverbs 7:10). It is interesting to note what some in the world have to say about todays popular fashions. They willingly admit what some Christians try to deny. The legs, breast, buttocks and midriff of a woman will attract the attention of men. The muscular build of a man (shoulders, arms, chest and buttocks) will attract the attention of women. Clothing designers know this, and many of todays fashions are made to empower men and women with the ability to attract this attention to themselves. Most reasonable people will admit that this attention is actually lust. Clothing which reveals parts of the body meant to be covered will incite lust in members of the opposite sex. The clothing is going to do what it is designed to do even if the person wearing it is a Christian. It sends a message that Christians shouldnt be sending. It invites sexual attention. It leads people on. 3. I Dont Want To Cause Another To Stumble. Then He said to the disciples, It is impossible that no offenses should come, but woe to him through whom they do come! It would be better for him if a millstone were hung around his neck, and he were thrown into the sea, than that he should offend one of these little ones' (Luke 17:1-2). The Lord condemned those who would be stumbling blocks. He shows, with graphic language, that it would be better for one to die a brutal death of drowning before offending another than to face Him in judgment after doing so. We have already pointed out that some clothing is designed to produce lust. What is wrong with lust? Why cant we Look But Dont Touch? Whats wrong with giving others something to look at? The Bible does not portray lust as an innocent thing to be enjoyed, but as a dangerous thing to be avoided. Beloved, I beg you as sojourners and pilgrims, abstain from fleshly lusts which war against the soul (1 Peter 2:11). Lusts are those things which will cause us to lose our souls in Hell. Flee also youthful lusts ldots; (2 Timothy 2:22). We are to flee lusts, not invite them. Whatever naturally provokes and excites these sinful lusts must be opposed and avoided -including the wearing of revealing clothing. The sight of bare flesh provokes lust. Young people have more power in this area than many of them realize. They need to be aware, not only of the signals they are sending with immodest clothing, but of the affect it has on others. To dress or behave in such a way as to cause one to lust is to be a stumbling block. I Need To Be Careful To Preserve A Good Conscience. The conscience is what holds everything in check. It is our warning system which tells us when we are about to do something wrong. The Bible warns that after we have violated our conscience enough, it can become hardened and no longer work (1 Tim. 4:2). Once that restraint is gone there is nothing left to keep us from going further into sin, and nothing left through which God can appeal unto us to repent. Some obviously look upon immodest dress as a little thing. Why are some brethren wanting to make such a big deal out of it? Because we know that big things come from little things. The Bible teaches that sin becomes progressively worse, not better: But evil men and impostors will grow worse and worse, deceiving and being deceived (2 Tim. :13). If I can convince myself that nothing is wrong with dressing immodestly, it will not be hard to convince myself that nothing is wrong with mixed swimming, dancing, drinking, bad language, petting and fornication. Conclusion: Approaching immodest dress from this point of view is not meant to leave the impression that the matter is open to personal interpretation. Nakedness is clearly defined for us in the Bible. Gods word specifies what parts of the body are to be covered, and common sense tells us why they need to be covered. Christians who still insist on dressing immodestly are violating both.

About the Legislative Branch of U.S. Government

About the Legislative Branch of U.S. Government Every society needs laws. In the United States, the power to make laws is given to Congress, which represents the legislative branch of government. The Source of Laws The legislative branch is one of three branches of the U.S. government- the executive and judicial are the other two- and it is the one charged with creating the laws that hold our society together. Article I of the Constitution established Congress, the collective legislative body made up of the Senate and the House. The primary function of these two bodies is to write, debate and pass bills and to send them on to the president for his approval or veto. If the president gives his approval to a bill, it immediately becomes law. However, if the president vetoes the bill, Congress is not without recourse. With a two-thirds majority in both houses, Congress may override the presidential veto. Congress may also rewrite a bill in order to win presidential approval; vetoed legislation is sent back to the chamber where it originated for reworking. Conversely, if a president receives a bill and does nothing within 10 days while Congress is in session, the bill automatically becomes law. Investigative Duties Congress can also investigate pressing national issues and it is charged with supervising and providing a balance to  the presidential and judicial branches as well. It has the authority to declare war; in addition, it has the power to coin money and is charged with regulating interstate and foreign commerce and trade. Congress also is responsible for maintaining the military, though the president serves as its commander in chief. Why Two Houses of Congress? In order to balance the concerns of smaller but more populated states against those of larger but more sparsely populated ones, the framers of the Constitution formed two disparate chambers.   The House of Representatives The House of Representatives is made up of 435 elected members, divided among the 50 states in proportion to their total population according to the system of apportionment based on the latest U.S. Census. The House also has 6 non-voting members, or â€Å"delegates,† representing the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and four other territories of the United States. The Speaker of the House, elected by the members, presides over meetings of the House and is third in the line of presidential succession. Members of the House, referred to a U.S. Representatives, are elected for 2-year terms, must be at least 25 years old, U.S. citizens for at least 7 years, and residents of the state from which they are elected to represent. The Senate The Senate is made up of 100 Senators, two  from each state. Before the ratification of the 17th Amendment in 1913, the Senators were chosen by the state legislatures, rather than the people. Today, Senators are elected to by the people of each state to 6-year terms. The terms of the Senators are staggered so that about one-third of the Senators must run for reelection every two years. Senators must be 30 years old, U.S. citizens for at least nine years, and residents of the state they represent. The Vice President of the United States presides over the Senate and has the right to vote on bills in the event of a tie.    Unique Duties and Powers Each house has some specific duties as well. The House can initiate laws that require people to pay taxes and can decide whether public officials should be tried if accused of a crime. Representatives are elected to two-year terms. The Senate can confirm or reject any treaties the president establishes with other nations and is also responsible for confirming presidential appointments of Cabinet members, federal judges, and foreign ambassadors. The Senate also tries any federal official accused of a crime after the House votes to impeach that official.  The House also has the power  elect the president in the case of an electoral college tie. Phaedra Trethan is a freelance writer who also works as a copy editor for the Camden Courier-Post. She formerly worked for the Philadelphia Inquirer, where she wrote about books, religion, sports, music, films, and restaurants. Edited by Robert Longley

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder Essay Bipolar Disorder Essay Bipolar affective disorder has been a mystery since the 16th century. History has shown that this disorder can appear in almost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to have had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our society many people live with bipolar disorder; however, despite the amount of people suffering from it, we are still waiting for explanations for the causes and cure. The one fact of which we are aware is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because bipolar disorder has such debilitating symptoms, it is important that we keep looking for explanations of its causes and for more ways to treat this disorder. Bipolar has a large variety of symptoms, divided in two categories. One is the manic episodes, the other is depressive. The depressive episodes are characterized by intense feelings of sadness and despair that can turn into feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Some of the symptoms of a depressive episode include disturbances in sleep and appetite, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, difficulty thinking, indecision, and reoccurring thoughts of death and suicide. The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often reckless or irresponsible behavior. These episodes may alternate with profound depressions characterized by a deep sadness, almost inability to move, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, problems with concentrations and driving. Bipolar affective disorder affects approximately one percent of the population (approximately three million people) in the United States. It occurs in both males and females. Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or not. Most commonly, individuals with manic episodes do experience a period of depression. Symptoms include elated, excited, or irritable mood, hyperactivity, pressure of speech, flight of ideas, inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and excessive involvement in reckless activities. As the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (MDMDA) has found out in their research, bipolar disorder can create marital and family disruptions, occupational setbacks, and financial disasters. Many times, bipolar patients report that the depressions are longer and increase in frequency as the person ages. Many timess bipolar states and psychotic states are misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. The onset of Bipolar disorder usually occurs between the ages of 20 and 30 years of age, with a second peak in the mid-forties for women. A typical bipolar patient may experience eight to ten episodes in their lifetime. However, those who have rapid cycling may experience more episodes of mania and depression that follow each other without a period of remission. The three stages of mania begin with hypomania, in which patients report that they are energetic, extroverted and assertive. Hypomania progresses into mania and the transition is marked by extreme loss of judgment. Often, euphoric grandiose characteristics are displayed, and paranoid or irritable characteristics begin. The third stage of mania is evident when the patient experiences paranoid delusions. Speech is generally rapid and hyperactive behavior sometimes turns into violence. Sometimes both manic and depressive symptoms occur at the same time. This is called a mixed episode. Those affected are at special risk because there is a combination of hopelessness, agitation, and anxiety that make them feel like they could jump out of their skin. Up to 50% of all patients with mania have a mixture of depressed moods. Patients report feeling dysphoric, depressed, and unhappy; yet, they have the energy associated with mania. Rapid cycling mania is another form of bipolar disorder. Mania may be present with four or more episodes within a 12 month period. Lithium has been the primary treatment of bipolar disorder since its introduction in the 1960s. Its main function is to stabilize the cycling characteristic of bipolar disorder. In four controlled studies by F. K. Goodwin and K. R. Jamison, the overall response rate for bipolar subjects treated with Lithium was 78% (1990). Lithium is also the primary drug used for long- term maintenance of bipolar disorder. .

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Law - Essay Example Legal and ethical issues in Solyndra correlate with each other in the company’s daily functioning. To address the problem, they offer a significant framework for the practice of business and for the relationship of the company with the customers. A manufacturing business establishment is an organization in the secondary sector that processes various natural resources to produce a particular product. Several ethical issues come into play in such organizations, which are much more than in other businesses in diverse sectors. The main reason is that manufacturing involves consumptions of natural resources and labor that require numerous ethical decisions for directors and managers to make. There are several key issues to think about when looking at the ethical performance of manufacturers, especially for solar panel, which necessitates handling of toxics substance in manufacture and removal. They also need to consider the aspects of waste management and disposal. Besides, sustain ability of product (energy and carbon footprint payback time), employees’ rights in manufacture supply chains (child labor, too much overtime and overtime pay less than legal minimum, longer working hours, maternity leave, sick and marital leave, pregnancy, marital position and discrimination based on disability, minimum wage and social insurance.) etc are to be considered. The management will also have to take into account the company’s participation in any kind of controversial activities that may be prejudicial to the society where it operates. Ethical and Legal Issues in Solyndra: Since the year 2005, ethical and legal issues in Solyndra, a solar-panel manufacturing company, have been negatively affecting its overall functioning. In the recent times, business environment has become more competitive and challenging. Therefore, business firms must try to overcome the competition and other challenges to increase overall profitability. Solyndra, however, suffered certa in setbacks primarily due to the fact that their manufacturing process remained highly complex, requiring specialized equipment which were expensive. Thus, their production costs have escalated. Besides, the price of traditional solar panels slumped sharply, which entailed a steep fall in the demand for their products. All these negative trends culminated in heavy financial loss to the company, resulting in their bankruptcy. 1) Bankruptcy’ is the one of the main issues that Solyndra faces currently. This problem has both legal and ethical perspectives. The basic ethical problem in bankruptcy in the company is that insolvents have promised to disburse their debts but at the same time they cannot keep their promise at the given time. Solyndra has obtained a large amount of loan even though could not keep up with the falling solar expenses. However, the loan was urgently needed by the company for installing new solar technologies. Thus, they received a loan guarantee of $535 mil lion from US Energy Department for protection against bankruptcy and pleaded for an extension. Solyndra is the first renewable energy business establishment to receive a federal loan in the year 2009. They went bankrupt the previous year and laid off 1100

Mrkt 4050 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mrkt 4050 - Essay Example This is one of the ways to keep customers busy to avoid being bored as they wait to be served. However, its positioning and the content on the cover page attracted the attention of many people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As I mentioned earlier, this magazine is amid to the family. Its general theme is women and house wives (People magazine 1). It had a lot of women ads next to interesting articles that may attract and people attention. The title was interesting and it made people have an urge to read what was in it.  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ad is about Jeep automobiles. The main objective of the ad is to persuade and convince potential customers to buy their products, and make their costumers to believe that they are among the best companies that care about the environment. The Jeep ad is the only automobile ad in the magazine. That’s a nice thing to do ad in a magazine with only your ad category. In my opinion it is smart way to ad in this kind of

Robert Morgan’s novel Essay Example for Free

Robert Morgan’s novel Essay Robert Morgan’s novel Gap Creek is the story of Hank and Julie Herman and their struggles in life and marriage through things like poverty and natural disaster. It deals with marital issues as well as with issues of finances, death and family loyalty in relation to gender roles. Gap Creek could be considered a simple chronicle of the couple’s struggle to prosper and make their lives better on a poor country farm, but it is also an examination of the gender roles of Hank and Julie. Gap Creek is an illustration of the traditional roles and voices that men and women have in marriages and in life and of what happens when they are forced to step outside of those roles for the benefit or survival of themselves and their families. The character of Julie represents a woman fulfilling male roles out of necessity but struggling to retain her identity as a woman. Julie Harmon’s voice is the one that the reader hears the loudest because she is the character that tells the story. The book deals with the inner and outer strength of the characters against life obstacles and even though Julie is the primary female character her strength and self worth or identity are often displayed through physical strength and manual labor. The jobs that Julie is given to do are left to her because the women around her take for granted that she is as physically strong as a man and capable of doing them. Julie sacrifices a lot of her own wishes and her femininity as the manual laborer first for her own family and later for Hank. From the beginning of the novel Julie’s masculine traits are evident, making her emotionally and physically stronger than her own father. She seems resentful of being the family member that is counted on to do most of the outside farm work: â€Å"I seen what I was going to have to do. I resented it, but I seen what had to be done† (Morgan 12). Although this statement is made about chopping wood, it is also the attitude that Julie has towards all of the responsibilities she has been given, from the work on the family farm to sitting up at night to care for her dying father. She is strong enough to handle it, so she has to do it. Julie is resentful of her masculine role in the family partly because none of her other sisters are willing to help out. She talks about how one of them is too busy cooking and baking and another is dressed in lacy dresses and won’t get her hands dirty. These are things that Julie should also be experiencing as a woman, but has set aside to embrace her farm hand duties. She recognizes that by taking on all of these typically male duties and responsibilities that she is sacrificing some of her female identity. She tells her sister, â€Å"I hope no man ever sees us working like this†¦because he would never think of us as ladies†¦I don’t want to be looked on like a field hand† (Morgan 34). She does display some typically female traits but is quick to set these aside to assume her role as the strong one in the family. Her feminine emotions conflict with her male role. She cries and mourns her little brother when he dies, but then she has to help her father carry the body home because he isn’t strong enough to do it himself. Because of her sense of family obligation, Julie struggles with conflicts between her feminine identity and her masculine life roles. Julie’s gender role conflicts are internal when she’s still living at home with her parents but they become external when she marries Hank and moves to Gap Creek. In many ways Julie is still left to fulfill the domestic household roles that would usually fall to a man, like chopping wood and butchering hogs, because she is once again emotionally and physically stronger than the men in her life. The widower they rent the Gap Creek property from, Mr. Pendergast, is old and sick, leaving daily farm chores for her. Hank is gone working every day so she has to be the capable responsible worker she was for her own family. Later Julie’s outer and inner strength is shown to be superior to that of the men around her when she saves each of their lives. She pulls Mr. Pendergast from a fire and she keeps Hank from killing himself when the property is damaged in the flood. She doesn’t resent this strength the way she did with her family, but she does recognize it as being outside the normal balance of male and female roles. She knows she is again fulfilling roles that should be taken by men rather than her. She says, â€Å"It was strange to think that I was stronger than Hank. He was wore out and I still felt like fighting† (Morgan 336). She realizes that in spite of Hank’s physical size and strength, she is stronger than him in many ways. Julie’s masculine roles and traits conflict with Hank, who seems to rely on her for household duties he can’t fulfill while still wanting to be viewed as the dominant male in the household. He repeatedly tells her that he will be the one to make important decisions for the family when she tries to offer her opinions and he hits her the one time she acts on her own and mistakenly gives their savings away to a con man. He calls her dumb and insults her for not being able to describe the man better. He is as angry at her for doing something without asking him first as he is for her losing their money. Julie acknowledges that part of her role as a wife is â€Å"†¦to make Hank feel good about hisself, to make him feel strong and in charge of things† (Morgan 231). Because she follows this expectation of a wife whenever Hank is around, she ends up doing all the physical labor that Hank can’t do but he still feels like he’s the stronger one. There are two key events in the novel when Julie uses an inner strength that is uniquely female. The first of these is when Julie begins attending church after the flood. She does this as much to meet other women as she does for religious reasons. Hank doesn’t want to go and holds her back for a while, using his discouragement over their poverty and his job loss to convince her that church and God won’t help them. When she does finally get him to attend but he still tries to hold her back. She is walking up the church aisle to devote herself to God and she describes, â€Å"I think Hank reached out to hold me back†¦but I was doing what I had to do† (Morgan 368). She goes through with it because it is what she feels like she must do for herself, not for him. She finds peace in attending church and after making friends with some of the women in the congregation she says, â€Å"I felt like a human being again. A woman has to have a woman friend to talk to† (Morgan 374). She rediscovers a part of herself that she has neglected when she communicates with other women instead of just the men in her life, and the women give her a satisfaction that the men can’t. Julie attends church to reclaim part of her feminine identity that she has lost to Hank and to her marriage. Giving birth to her daughter is the second event where Julie recognizes power within herself that is completely feminine. While she is in labor she realizes that, â€Å"This is the work only I can do. This is work meant for me from the beginning of time† (Morgan 424) and after giving birth she finds that, â€Å"I was so tired I couldn’t hardly stand up, yet I felt stronger than I ever had before† (Morgan 427). These thoughts that she has during labor and delivery show how she comes to realize that not all of her strength is the masculine kind she’s been forced to have. She sees that there are elements to her inner and outer strength that only a woman can have. Julie and Hank Harmon each represent traditional male and female roles of strength and subservience. Much of their struggle comes when Julie is forced to step outside of this traditional role and Hank continues to act as though she hasn’t been. Their struggles with money and land is representative of their inner struggles to be respected for the work they each do, to assert their individual gender strengths and to be considered equal in their efforts and worth. Gap Creek represents the struggle between being what one’s gender says one should be versus what life circumstances forces one to become. Julie Harmon represents women everywhere who wear the pants in the family because they have to and find themselves struggling not to lose their identity as women in the process. Works Cited Morgan, Robert. Gap Creek. Thorndike: Thorndike Press, 1999.

Ellis Island and American Nationalism Essay -- American History Essays

Ellis Island and American Nationalism Many people have many different opinions of airports. Some people love going to airports and flying all around the country or the world. Others are afraid of airplanes, fearing that the plane will be hijacked. Others like coming into American airports so that they can start a new life. Some think that Arab immigrants are discriminated against when entering the country, but during the early days of American immigration many more were discriminated against. Ellis Island was corrupted with American Nationalism and the fear of the unknown. â€Å"Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land, Here at our sea-washed, sunset-gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome, her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor the twin-cities frame. ‘Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!’ cries she, With silent lips. ‘Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore; Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!† (Lazarus, 1883) These are the words from the poem â€Å"The New Colossus† written by Emma Lazarus. This was the welcome the statue brought; ‘come here and be free, have a home, and a hope for your future.’ This is how many people, both within and outside of the United States, saw the Statue of Liberty, as a symbol of freedom. To the immigrants coming to this country, America was first visible to them in the presence of the 305 foot statue. The message of the Statue of Liberty didn’t need any translations into a... ...med acceptable. Bibliography Allen, Leslie. Liberty: The Statue and the American Dream. Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, New York 1985 Coan, Peter Morton. Ellis Island Interviews. Facts on File, New York 1997 Corsi, Edward. In the Shadow of Liberty. The Macmillan Company, New York 1935 Lankevich, George J. American Metropolis. New York University Press, New York 1998 Lazarus, Emma. The New Colossus. November 2, 1983. Weisberger, Bernard A. Statue of Liberty: The First Hundred Years. American Heritage Press, New York 1985 Yans-McLaughlin, Virginia and Lightman, Marjorie. Ellis Island and the Peopling of America. The New Press, New York 1997 Images from cover of Judge Magazine. March 22, 1890. Private Collection, Paris.

Indian Cuisine

Indian Cuisine Think of India and one of the first things that come to mind is its diversity. A large populous country divided into many states; each with its own unique traditions and gastronomic fare. Indian cooking is one of the most popular cuisines across the globe. Not only is it popular among the large Indian diaspora but also among the mainstream population of North America and Europe. For the uninitiated, Indian food may seem foreign, scary, spicy and not for the faint of heart. This paper aims to explore many of the facets that make up Indian cuisine and hopefully allay any misconceptions or fears that may exist. The chapters are categorized under the following sections: 1. The Evolution of Indian Cooking 2. Geographical Variation 3. Dietary Customs in India 4. The Story of Spices 5. Curry: What is it? 6. Indian Dining Etiquette The Evolution Of Indian Cooking Indian cuisine derives from a 4000 year timeline. It has significantly evolved as a result of the various influences introduced into the country by many travelers and rulers. Despite this evolution, it has not lost its original identity, but rather became richer with the assimilation of theses varied influences. The following historical timeline (Bhattacharya, n. d. ) of how Indian gastronomy evolved will help shape our understanding and appreciation of this cooking style. 2000 BC and earlier. Most people believe that the origins of Indian history, and therefore the cuisine, dates back to Mohenjedaro and Harrapan civilizations. It is understood that the Ayurvedic tradition of cooking, which is a complete holistic approach to cooking, evolved at this point in time. In Vedic times, a normal diet consisted of fruit, vegetables, meat, grain, dairy products and honey. Over time, some segments of the population embraced vegetarianism due to the ancient Hindu philosophy of ahimsa. 1000 BC. At this point we see the first influx of outsiders into the country. The Mohenjodaro people are believed to have been pushed to southern India and the cuisine there is still largely vegetarian. The roots of Hinduism are shaped at this point along with the Vedas and the Mahabharata. The caste system is developed dividing eating habits broadly by caste. For example; the Brahmins were mostly vegetarians while the Kshatriyas were meat eaters. 400 BC: This period saw the development of Buddhism outside India which resulted in the migration of people as well as their food and dietary requirements. 1200 AD: This period saw several north Indian dynasties rule and became known as the Golden Age of Indian Art. There were several travelers who visited India and were responsible for the introduction of tea. However, from a culinary perspective there are still no significant external influences brought into the country. 1200-1800AD: During the reign of the Moghuls we see the emergence of Moglai cuisine. It’s this type of cooking that people now associate with India. The cooking style is characterized by the addition of several seasonings like saffron and nuts. The influx of European influences into parts of southern India, such as Kerala, resulted in the beginning of the Syrian Christian cuisine. 1800 – 1947 AD: The age of British colonial rule saw the start of the English love affair with Indian food. It was hardly a glorified period in Indian history, but the British loved the elaborate way of eating and adapted several of the food choices to their taste. They developed the curry as a simple spice to help them cook Indian meals. Geographical Variation The cuisines of India are as richly diverse and varied as its culture, ethnic makeup and geography. According to Sarakar (n. d. ), the common characteristic of all Indian cooking is the tremendous use and blending of a variety of wonderfully exotic spices. As a land that has experienced extensive immigration and intermingling over the centuries, India's cuisine has benefited from numerous food influences. The diverse climate which ranges from tropical to alpine has also helped broaden the set of ingredients available for cooking. Northern India North Indian cuisine is distinguished by a proportionally high use of dairy products. The tawa, or griddle, is used extensively for baking flat breads like roti and paratha. A tandoor oven is also frequently used to cook main courses like chicken. Goat and lamb are favored ingredients of many northern Indian recipes. The samosa, a common appetizer on all Indian restaurant menus, has its roots in northern India. The staple food of most of north Indians are a variety of lentils, vegetables, and roti. Common north Indian foods such as kebabs and meat dishes originated with the Muslim incursions into the country. The influence of Europeans is also apparent with the creation of new dishes like chicken tikka masala which is actually a British invention during colonial times. Eastern India In the eastern part of India there is a large Oriental influence resulting from an influx of movement from Tibet and Nepal. All of these influences helped form the dietary customs in eastern India. Popular food is this region is a unique blend of vegetarian meals prepared in the traditional Chinese cooking style. Rice and fish are the staple foods because most of the towns and fishing villages are located on the coast. Southern India Southern Indian cuisine is distinguished by a greater emphasis on rice and the liberal use of coconut, coconut oil and curry leaves. Before Christianity came to India in the early 52 AD, Kerala was strictly vegetarian as regulated by Hinduism. However, after the visit of St. Thomas, Christianity quickly spread throughout Kerala and thus the diet evolved to also include meat. Western India The geography of the landscape and the culture of the people definitely influenced the region’s cuisine. Rajasthan and Gujarat have hot, dry climates so the relatively smaller varieties of vegetables available are preserved as pickles and chutneys. Culturally these states are largely Hindu and vegetarian. Peanuts and coconut are prominent ingredients as they are freely available. Goa, with its lush green coastline, has an abundance of fresh fish and seafood. Local dishes like Vindaloo are testament to the fact that Goa was a Portuguese colony until the 1960s. This region probably has the most diverse styles of food in India. Food from the Rajasthan area is spicy and largely vegetarian but includes many meat dishes. Gujarat’s cuisine is know for its slightly sweet taste (at least a pinch of sugar is added to most dishes) and is traditionally entirely vegetarian. Dietary customs in India As you would expect from a country as large and diverse as India, there are a variety of different dietary customs. Religion is a significant contributing factor to the diets of Indians. Hinduism is the dominant religion in India making up about 80% of the population while Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and Buddhists make up a sizeable minority. Some religions impose dietary restrictions which prohibit the eating of beef or pork. The most commonly served dishes at Indian dinner parties and public functions tend to comprise of chicken, lamb or fish as this avoids any potential difficulties with restricted diets for meat eaters. Here is a general guide to the dietary customs of the three major religious groups in India: Hindus Most Hindus follow a balanced vegetarian diet. Some do eat meat occasionally but Hindus do not eat beef out of reverence for the cow as a sacred animal. Strict Hindus will also avoid garlic, onions and mushrooms. Mushrooms are thought to promote ignorance, whilst garlic and onions are thought to invoke passion. Muslims Muslims cannot eat pork, lard or any other porcine derivatives. Islam prohibits eating meat that is not slaughtered in the correct Islamic way. Muslims recite the name of God before and after eating, eat with the right hand and find it desirable to always eat in the company of others. Sikhs Sikhs do not believe in ritual killing and are instructed to avoid meat slaughtered in this way. Although in many aspects Sikhism is less prescriptive than some other religions, most Sikhs do not eat beef or pork. Many Sikhs are vegetarian and in observance of such a variety of dietary habits, all food served in Sikh places of worship is vegetarian. Sikhism is probably the only major organized religion which does not encourage fasting as it is viewed as having no spiritual benefit. The Story Of Spices Spices are the jewels of Indian cooking. Their flavors are meant to be savored and should not be overpowered by the burning sensation resulting from the liberal use of hot chilies. Parbhoo (1985) suggests that authentic Indian food should generally not be too hot and recommends that spices be used lavishly in the same way cheese or wine is used in French cuisine. Chilies in themselves have very little flavor but contribute to the dish by providing a sensation of heat which can be regulated to the cook’s preference. Spices have three traditional functions: medicinal, preservative and seasoning. Early Indian literature written in Sanskrit and dating back 3000 years to the Vedic period emphasizes the importance of spices for preserving food. The Ayurveda, an ancient Hindu treatise on medicine, places special emphasis on the medicinal properties of spices. A few of examples of commonly used spices and their additional medicinal benefits are listed below: |Name |Uses in cooking |Medicinal Benefit | |Chilies |Prime ingredient of masalas and provides the heat and |Used to neutralize poison and relieve hypothermia in cases of cholera. | |flavor. | | |Cinnamon |Used for aroma in meat, rice and pickles. Ground cinnamon |Has anti-inflammatory that can lessen joint and muscle pain. | | |used in sweet dishes. | | |Anis Seed |Used in savory dishes to provide flavor. |Used to aid digestion and act as a breath freshener. | |Fenugreek Seeds |Provides a bitter flavor in savory dishes. |Provides relief from coughs, asthma and rheumatism. |Cloves |Used for aromatic qualities in meat and rice dishes. Also |Used as a local anesthetic. | | |an essential ingredient in masalas. | | Curry: What is it? Curry is a generic description used throug hout European and American culture to describe a general variety of spiced dishes. The word curry is an anglicized version of the Tamil word kari. Several articles (Sarkar, n. d. ; Smith, 1998) suggest it is usually understood to mean gravy or sauce, rather than spices. Curry's popularity in recent decades has spread outward from the Indian subcontinent to figure prominently in international cuisine. While many people think that curry is a particular spice, it is actually a mixture of spices commonly referred to as curry powder. This powder is versatile in both taste and flavor and varies widely depending on the region it comes from. Most people associate curry with a bright yellow color. This color is caused by the spice turmeric that is a common ingredient. However, not all curry powder mixtures contain turmeric and, in fact, curry powders can be as individual as the person making them. Some spices you might find in this mixture include chilies, cinnamon, cardamom, cumin, nutmeg, cloves, coriander, mace, fenugreek, sesame seeds, red pepper, black pepper, poppy seeds, tamarind and saffron. Oftentimes the curry powder mixture recipe is passed down from one generation to the next and is a safely guarded secret. Indian Dining Etiquette Though Indian cooking uses an extensive array of specialized utensils for various purposes, Indians traditionally do not use much cutlery for eating as many foods are best enjoyed when eating with the hand. It is a technique that is clean and easy when done correctly. Cook (2008) suggests the reason for using the hands is that it adds an additional element of enjoyment to the taste because it helps with blending the food. In many parts of India, when eating curry, the gravy must not be allowed to stain your finger only the fingertips. The left hand is not used and kept clean to facilitate the passing of dishes along the table. These variations are further compounded and increased by the diversity of the population India, leading to regional differences in the way people dine. In Janjira’s (2009) article on Indian Dining Etiquette, he explains that in North India it is common to be seated at a dining table to eat. While in south India, especially is Kerala, it is as common to see people sitting down and eating on banana leaves. The entire meal will be placed and served on banana leaves and eaten with the hand. The concept of courses at mealtime does not exist in India. Most Indian homes will serve the food all at once and then keep filling the dishes as dinner progresses. Everything cooked will be made available on the table with the exception of the dessert which will follow once most guests are done eating. While general etiquette rules might suggest that everything should be tried, it is more in theory than in practice and it is perfectly fine to skip something which might not suit your taste. Desserts on the other hand more often than not require the use of utensils. Unlike the western world where dessert may also be followed by coffee or liquor; the serving of the dessert would often indicate that dinner is almost over. Conclusion As evident in the above chapters, Indian cuisine has a long history of being influenced by the unique needs and tastes of its indigenous people, invaders and explorers. The food, cooking techniques and ingredients have evolved based on peoples’ religious needs or influenced by the availability of ingredients across India’s vast and varied landscape. But even after all this; Indian cuisine manages to retain its unique heritage and identity in a global gastronomic landscape that tends to be fickled and faddish. Indian food is enjoyed by commoners and royalty alike and it is hoped that this paper will enlighten the reader and allay any fears or misconceptions that may have previously prevented the sampling of Indian cooking. References Bhattacharya , R (n. d) History of Indian Cooking: A Historical Perspective on Indian Cooking. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from http://www. inmamaskitchen. com/Indian_Cooking/history_Indian_food_cooking. html Cook, S (2008). Indian Eating Etiquette. Retrieved September 28, 2009 from http://www. india-travel-suite101. com/article. cfm/eating_in_indian_style Curry. Retrieved October 15, 2009 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/curry Indian Cuisine – Origins and Indian Culinary History. Retrieved November 10, 2009, from http://www. ndianfoodsco. com/Classes/CulinayHistory. htm Indian Cuisine. Retrieved October 25, 2009, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Indian_cuisine Janjira, M (2009). Indian Dining Etiquette. Retrieved September 22, 2009 from http://www. indianmusings. wordpress. com/2009/02/020indian-dining-etiquette Leong, K (n. d). The Health Benefits of Indian Food. Retrieved October 15, 2009 from http://www. associatedcontent. com/pop_print. shtml? content_ty pe=article&content_typeid=1829365 Parbhoo, R. (1985). Indian Coookery for South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Printpak Books. Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) (September 30th 2008). APA Formatting and Style Guide. Retrieved November 17, 2009, from http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/560/01/ Sarkar, P (n. d). The Cuisine Of East India: An Introduction to Eastern Indian Food. Retrieved September 29, 2009 from http://indianfood. about. com/old/thebasics/p/eastindia. htm Smith, D (1998). Definition and History of Curry. Retrieved September 24, 2009 from http://www. curryhouse. co. uk/faq/define. htm

How effective is the ending to The Great Gatsby?

The conclusion of Nick's account of his experiences ends in chapter 9. The final section, on pages 148-9 is a very effective and evocative ending to the novel. It is rich with metaphorical representations which Fitzgerald deliberately implements in order to create emotion and an intricately intimate aura in order for the reader (back in the time of publication) to identify and understand the ‘big picture' behind the plot. The green light that has been mentioned further emphasises Gatsby's greatest attribute – his ability to dream and hope. It symbolises his obsessive limerence with his beloved Daisy, but Nick points out that Gatsby ‘did not know that it was already behind him†¦ ‘, in that his visions and aspirations (as well as the symbolism of the green light), go far beyond only Daisy. This possibly indicates the fact that Gatsby hasn't realised the extent of his progression to be as close to Daisy as possible (until she takes a tour of his house), which is referred to by Nick (â€Å"He had come a long way to this blue lawn†¦ †). Nick relates the green light, with all its connotations, to the first Dutch sailors who visited America for the first time. He pictured the ‘fresh, green breast of the New World' (and how it must have looked like to the Dutch sailors who stumbled upon it, without any industrial pollution or buildings (as it used to be called New Amsterdam before NYC)) as the green light, and muses that Gatsby – whose wealth and success so closely echoes the American Dream – failed to realise that the dream had already ended; that his goals had become hollow and empty. The Dutch envisioned it as a land of freedom and equality, where no one is judged and everyone can have a fresh new start; a place for dreamers such as Gatsby. Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us†¦ ‘ conclude the novel and find Nick returning to the theme of the importance of the past to the dreams of the future (represented as the green light). He focuses on the struggle of humans to achieve their goals by both transcending and re-creating the past (as observed in Gatsby, â€Å"can't repeat the past?†¦ why of course you can! † and it is Gatsby's mindset which makes it one of the reasons Nick calls him The ‘Great' Gatsby). Just as Americans have given American meaning through their dreams for their own lives (i. e. the American Dream), Gatsby instills Daisy with a kind of idealised perfection (i. e. he built her up to be this perfect ‘goddess' over the years†¦ ) that she neither deserves nor possesses (†¦ which crumbles the climax as she isn't all he perceived). Gatsby's dream is ‘already behind him somewhere' as it is ruined by the unworthiness of its object (i. e. Daisy), against contrasted with the American dream and its mythical presence in the 1920s also ruined by the unworthiness of its objects (i. . money, pleasure, etc. ). In the final sentence of the novel, it is metaphorically conveyed that humans are not able to move beyond the past, as the ‘current' draws them backwards, making their efforts of rowing towards the metaphorical representations of the green light futile. The past I describe functions as the source of their ideas fuelling their future (epitomised by Gatsby's affair with Daisy pre-war) and they can't escape it as they continue to struggle to transform their dreams into reality. While they never lose their optimism (â€Å"tomorrow we will run faster†¦ ), their energy is expended in pursuit of a goal that moves ever farther away. This metaphor characterises both Gatsby's struggle and the American dream as well. Nick's words register neither blind approval nor cynical disillusionment but rather the respectful melancholy that he ultimately bring to his study of Gatsby's life. The umpteen frequency of Gatsby's party also relate to the connotations of the green light in some ways. Most of the guests that attended his parties weren't invited, as they came ‘for the party with a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission'. The taxi driver that passed Gatsby's domain may have had a story of his own to explain events. This is in fact the procedure that most of the characters in the novel are involved in (including Nick). They're spreading around rumours and stories around the objects and events in their world in order to make a sense of them, as he cultivated mystery, Gatsby provided a singularly rich focus for speculation, scrutiny and invention (he continues to do so after his death, too). His engagement with the past is vividly rendered in this passage through the strength of his imagination summoning up the parties, in both visual and auditory terms. Fitzgerald portrays the 1920s as an era of decayed social and moral values, evidenced in its overarching cynicism, greed, and empty pursuit of pleasure. The reckless jubilance that led to decadent parties and wild jazz music—epitomized in the novel by the opulent parties that Gatsby throws every Saturday night—resulted ultimately in the corruption of the American dream, as the unrestrained desire for money and pleasure surpassed more noble goals. Gatsby's motives for throwing the parties is not to be passed unnoticed however. He used to throw the parties in hope of Daisy, people who know Daisy might attend. It is a proven fact because after their ‘affair' ‘Gatsby had dismissed every servant in his house', afraid of news of their meetings spreading (as he is aware how much gossip is spread about him already). This is what makes Gatsby's parties relate to the green light. It conveys Gatsby's constant desire and hope that someday Daisy will visit, and he shall not cease trying until he achieves his paramount ambition. The fact that Nick dubs him the ‘Great' Gatsby is also because he resembles a magician, in that he thinks he can bring back the past (quotation mentioned earlier). The fact that Daisy never shows up to his parties (until after they're familiar with each other) is also a metaphorical representation of how most people are denied the American dream, no matter how hard they push themselves. Gatsby changed his name from James Gatz to Jay Gatsby (god's boy) and his his domain is built upon the basis of a facade as he wishes to please Daisy and give a good impression. But in the end he dies due to several factors, such as the fact of his failure to realise that ideals differ from reality and that the past is almost impossible to re-enact. The ‘party' is over in a literal and metaphorical sense, and Nick prepares to leave the East for the Midwest. The people visiting his parties are aptly described by Nick as being ‘moths' or parasites, in that they ‘feed off of' or live off of Gatsby and his wealth. An example of this is Klipspringer, the boarder who visited for a party and never left. The word ‘last' recurs in this passage, which has an air of finality throughout. Another example would be the ‘material car' which Nick saw ‘its lights stop at his front steps'. Mention of the ‘material car' picks up on the recurrent thematic distinction between ‘materialism' and ‘idealism' as being two distinct versions of reality. In finality, we notice how and why the conclusions in this passage are justified as being famous in the literary world. The theme of this book, the ‘American Dream', is proven rightly to be a mere government-implemented myth, spread by the mass media, in order for people to not lose hope in a time of corruption and social decay. Characters and intimate objects represent more than their physical bodies throughout the plot, and it is difficult to spot a reference without a vivid or meticulous connotation behind it. Gatsby's death could be blamed on a lot of people for example, and not only the obvious Wilson (e. g. Tom for telling falsely telling him that Gatsby killed his wife, or himself as he failed to realise the fabrication that is the American dream). It is highly effective an intriguing as it basically sums up the messages and meanings behind the references in the novel Fitzgerald wants the reader to apprehend; which he delivers in a tantalisingly ornate format.